1929 lines
285 KiB
HTML
1929 lines
285 KiB
HTML
<!DOCTYPE html>
|
||
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="fr" data-darkreader-mode="dynamic" data-darkreader-scheme="dark" lang="fr"><head><style class="darkreader darkreader--fallback" media="screen"></style><style class="darkreader darkreader--text" media="screen"></style><style class="darkreader darkreader--invert" media="screen">.jfk-bubble.gtx-bubble, .captcheck_answer_label > input + img, span#closed_text > img[src^="https://www.gstatic.com/images/branding/googlelogo"], span[data-href^="https://www.hcaptcha.com/"] > #icon, #bit-notification-bar-iframe, embed[type="application/pdf"] {
|
||
filter: invert(100%) hue-rotate(180deg) contrast(90%) !important;
|
||
}</style><style class="darkreader darkreader--inline" media="screen">[data-darkreader-inline-bgcolor] {
|
||
background-color: var(--darkreader-inline-bgcolor) !important;
|
||
}
|
||
[data-darkreader-inline-bgimage] {
|
||
background-image: var(--darkreader-inline-bgimage) !important;
|
||
}
|
||
[data-darkreader-inline-border] {
|
||
border-color: var(--darkreader-inline-border) !important;
|
||
}
|
||
[data-darkreader-inline-border-bottom] {
|
||
border-bottom-color: var(--darkreader-inline-border-bottom) !important;
|
||
}
|
||
[data-darkreader-inline-border-left] {
|
||
border-left-color: var(--darkreader-inline-border-left) !important;
|
||
}
|
||
[data-darkreader-inline-border-right] {
|
||
border-right-color: var(--darkreader-inline-border-right) !important;
|
||
}
|
||
[data-darkreader-inline-border-top] {
|
||
border-top-color: var(--darkreader-inline-border-top) !important;
|
||
}
|
||
[data-darkreader-inline-boxshadow] {
|
||
box-shadow: var(--darkreader-inline-boxshadow) !important;
|
||
}
|
||
[data-darkreader-inline-color] {
|
||
color: var(--darkreader-inline-color) !important;
|
||
}
|
||
[data-darkreader-inline-fill] {
|
||
fill: var(--darkreader-inline-fill) !important;
|
||
}
|
||
[data-darkreader-inline-stroke] {
|
||
stroke: var(--darkreader-inline-stroke) !important;
|
||
}
|
||
[data-darkreader-inline-outline] {
|
||
outline-color: var(--darkreader-inline-outline) !important;
|
||
}
|
||
[data-darkreader-inline-stopcolor] {
|
||
stop-color: var(--darkreader-inline-stopcolor) !important;
|
||
}</style><style class="darkreader darkreader--variables" media="screen">:root {
|
||
--darkreader-neutral-background: #131516;
|
||
--darkreader-neutral-text: #d8d4cf;
|
||
--darkreader-selection-background: #004daa;
|
||
--darkreader-selection-text: #e8e6e3;
|
||
}</style><style class="darkreader darkreader--root-vars" media="screen"></style><script class="darkreader darkreader--proxy">(function injectProxy() {
|
||
document.dispatchEvent(new CustomEvent('__darkreader__inlineScriptsAllowed'));
|
||
const addRuleDescriptor = Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptor(CSSStyleSheet.prototype, 'addRule');
|
||
const insertRuleDescriptor = Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptor(CSSStyleSheet.prototype, 'insertRule');
|
||
const deleteRuleDescriptor = Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptor(CSSStyleSheet.prototype, 'deleteRule');
|
||
const removeRuleDescriptor = Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptor(CSSStyleSheet.prototype, 'removeRule');
|
||
const shouldWrapDocStyleSheets = location.hostname.endsWith('pushbullet.com');
|
||
const documentStyleSheetsDescriptor = shouldWrapDocStyleSheets ? Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptor(Document.prototype, 'styleSheets') : null;
|
||
const cleanUp = () => {
|
||
Object.defineProperty(CSSStyleSheet.prototype, 'addRule', addRuleDescriptor);
|
||
Object.defineProperty(CSSStyleSheet.prototype, 'insertRule', insertRuleDescriptor);
|
||
Object.defineProperty(CSSStyleSheet.prototype, 'deleteRule', deleteRuleDescriptor);
|
||
Object.defineProperty(CSSStyleSheet.prototype, 'removeRule', removeRuleDescriptor);
|
||
document.removeEventListener('__darkreader__cleanUp', cleanUp);
|
||
document.removeEventListener('__darkreader__addUndefinedResolver', addUndefinedResolver);
|
||
if (shouldWrapDocStyleSheets) {
|
||
Object.defineProperty(Document.prototype, 'styleSheets', documentStyleSheetsDescriptor);
|
||
}
|
||
};
|
||
const addUndefinedResolver = (e) => {
|
||
customElements.whenDefined(e.detail.tag).then(() => {
|
||
document.dispatchEvent(new CustomEvent('__darkreader__isDefined', { detail: { tag: e.detail.tag } }));
|
||
});
|
||
};
|
||
document.addEventListener('__darkreader__cleanUp', cleanUp);
|
||
document.addEventListener('__darkreader__addUndefinedResolver', addUndefinedResolver);
|
||
const updateSheetEvent = new Event('__darkreader__updateSheet');
|
||
function proxyAddRule(selector, style, index) {
|
||
addRuleDescriptor.value.call(this, selector, style, index);
|
||
if (this.ownerNode && !this.ownerNode.classList.contains('darkreader')) {
|
||
this.ownerNode.dispatchEvent(updateSheetEvent);
|
||
}
|
||
return -1;
|
||
}
|
||
function proxyInsertRule(rule, index) {
|
||
const returnValue = insertRuleDescriptor.value.call(this, rule, index);
|
||
if (this.ownerNode && !this.ownerNode.classList.contains('darkreader')) {
|
||
this.ownerNode.dispatchEvent(updateSheetEvent);
|
||
}
|
||
return returnValue;
|
||
}
|
||
function proxyDeleteRule(index) {
|
||
deleteRuleDescriptor.value.call(this, index);
|
||
if (this.ownerNode && !this.ownerNode.classList.contains('darkreader')) {
|
||
this.ownerNode.dispatchEvent(updateSheetEvent);
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
function proxyRemoveRule(index) {
|
||
removeRuleDescriptor.value.call(this, index);
|
||
if (this.ownerNode && !this.ownerNode.classList.contains('darkreader')) {
|
||
this.ownerNode.dispatchEvent(updateSheetEvent);
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
function proxyDocumentStyleSheets() {
|
||
const docSheets = documentStyleSheetsDescriptor.get.call(this);
|
||
const filtered = [...docSheets].filter((styleSheet) => {
|
||
return !styleSheet.ownerNode.classList.contains('darkreader');
|
||
});
|
||
return Object.setPrototypeOf(filtered, StyleSheetList.prototype);
|
||
}
|
||
Object.defineProperty(CSSStyleSheet.prototype, 'addRule', Object.assign({}, addRuleDescriptor, { value: proxyAddRule }));
|
||
Object.defineProperty(CSSStyleSheet.prototype, 'insertRule', Object.assign({}, insertRuleDescriptor, { value: proxyInsertRule }));
|
||
Object.defineProperty(CSSStyleSheet.prototype, 'deleteRule', Object.assign({}, deleteRuleDescriptor, { value: proxyDeleteRule }));
|
||
Object.defineProperty(CSSStyleSheet.prototype, 'removeRule', Object.assign({}, removeRuleDescriptor, { value: proxyRemoveRule }));
|
||
if (shouldWrapDocStyleSheets) {
|
||
Object.defineProperty(Document.prototype, 'styleSheets', Object.assign({}, documentStyleSheetsDescriptor, { get: proxyDocumentStyleSheets }));
|
||
}
|
||
})()</script><style class="darkreader darkreader--user-agent" media="screen">html {
|
||
background-color: #181a1b !important;
|
||
}
|
||
html, body, input, textarea, select, button {
|
||
background-color: #181a1b;
|
||
}
|
||
html, body, input, textarea, select, button {
|
||
border-color: #736b5e;
|
||
color: #e8e6e3;
|
||
}
|
||
a {
|
||
color: #3391ff;
|
||
}
|
||
table {
|
||
border-color: #545b5e;
|
||
}
|
||
::placeholder {
|
||
color: #b2aba1;
|
||
}
|
||
input:-webkit-autofill,
|
||
textarea:-webkit-autofill,
|
||
select:-webkit-autofill {
|
||
background-color: #555b00 !important;
|
||
color: #e8e6e3 !important;
|
||
}
|
||
::-webkit-scrollbar {
|
||
background-color: #202324;
|
||
color: #aba499;
|
||
}
|
||
::-webkit-scrollbar-thumb {
|
||
background-color: #454a4d;
|
||
}
|
||
::-webkit-scrollbar-thumb:hover {
|
||
background-color: #575e62;
|
||
}
|
||
::-webkit-scrollbar-thumb:active {
|
||
background-color: #484e51;
|
||
}
|
||
::-webkit-scrollbar-corner {
|
||
background-color: #181a1b;
|
||
}
|
||
* {
|
||
scrollbar-color: #454a4d #202324;
|
||
}
|
||
::selection {
|
||
background-color: #004daa !important;
|
||
color: #e8e6e3 !important;
|
||
}
|
||
::-moz-selection {
|
||
background-color: #004daa !important;
|
||
color: #e8e6e3 !important;
|
||
}</style>
|
||
<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8">
|
||
<meta charset="utf-8">
|
||
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">
|
||
<title>Processus Unix</title>
|
||
<meta name="generator" content="Org-mode">
|
||
<meta name="author" content="Zouheir HAMROUNI">
|
||
<style type="text/css">
|
||
<!--/*-->
|
||
<![CDATA[/*><!--*/
|
||
.title { text-align: center;
|
||
margin-bottom: .2em; color: #4020A0;}
|
||
.subtitle { text-align: center;
|
||
font-size: medium;
|
||
font-weight: bold;
|
||
margin-top:0; }
|
||
.todo { font-family: monospace; color: red; }
|
||
.done { font-family: monospace; color: green; }
|
||
.priority { font-family: monospace; color: orange; }
|
||
.tag { background-color: #eee; font-family: monospace;
|
||
padding: 2px; font-size: 80%; font-weight: normal; }
|
||
.timestamp { color: #bebebe; }
|
||
.timestamp-kwd { color: #5f9ea0; }
|
||
.org-right { margin-left: auto; margin-right: 0px; text-align: right; }
|
||
.org-left { margin-left: 0px; margin-right: auto; text-align: left; }
|
||
.org-center { margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center; }
|
||
.underline { text-decoration: underline; }
|
||
#postamble p, #preamble p { font-size: 90%; margin: .2em; }
|
||
p.verse { margin-left: 3%; }
|
||
pre {
|
||
border: 1px solid #ccc;
|
||
box-shadow: 3px 3px 3px #eee;
|
||
padding: 4pt;
|
||
font-family: monospace;
|
||
font-size: 90%;
|
||
overflow: auto;
|
||
margin: 0em;
|
||
top-margin: 2em;
|
||
}
|
||
pre.src {
|
||
position: relative;
|
||
overflow: visible;
|
||
padding-top: 1.2em;
|
||
}
|
||
pre.src:before {
|
||
display: none;
|
||
position: absolute;
|
||
background-color: white;
|
||
top: -10px;
|
||
right: 10px;
|
||
padding: 2px;
|
||
border: 1px solid black;
|
||
}
|
||
pre.src:hover:before { display: inline;}
|
||
pre.src-sh:before { content: 'sh'; }
|
||
pre.src-bash:before { content: 'sh'; }
|
||
pre.src-emacs-lisp:before { content: 'Emacs Lisp'; }
|
||
pre.src-R:before { content: 'R'; }
|
||
pre.src-perl:before { content: 'Perl'; }
|
||
pre.src-java:before { content: 'Java'; }
|
||
pre.src-sql:before { content: 'SQL'; }
|
||
|
||
table { border-collapse:collapse; }
|
||
caption.t-above { caption-side: top; }
|
||
caption.t-bottom { caption-side: bottom; }
|
||
td, th { vertical-align:top; }
|
||
th.org-right { text-align: center; }
|
||
th.org-left { text-align: center; }
|
||
th.org-center { text-align: center; }
|
||
td.org-right { text-align: right; }
|
||
td.org-left { text-align: left; }
|
||
td.org-center { text-align: center; }
|
||
dt { font-weight: bold; }
|
||
.footpara { display: inline; }
|
||
.footdef { margin-bottom: 1em; }
|
||
.figure { padding: 1em; }
|
||
.figure p { text-align: center; }
|
||
.inlinetask {
|
||
padding: 10px;
|
||
border: 2px solid gray;
|
||
margin: 10px;
|
||
background: #ffffcc;
|
||
}
|
||
#org-div-home-and-up
|
||
{ text-align: right; font-size: 70%; white-space: nowrap; }
|
||
textarea { overflow-x: auto; }
|
||
.linenr { font-size: smaller }
|
||
.code-highlighted { background-color: #ffff00; }
|
||
.org-info-js_info-navigation { border-style: none; }
|
||
#org-info-js_console-label
|
||
{ font-size: 10px; font-weight: bold; white-space: nowrap; }
|
||
.org-info-js_search-highlight
|
||
{ background-color: #ffff00; color: #000000; font-weight: bold; }
|
||
/*]]>
|
||
</style><style class="darkreader darkreader--sync" media="screen"></style>
|
||
<style>
|
||
@media only screen and (min-width: 1024px) {
|
||
#table-of-contents {
|
||
position: fixed;
|
||
top: 0;
|
||
left: 0;
|
||
bottom: 0;
|
||
width: 36ex;
|
||
overflow-y: auto;
|
||
border-right: 1px solid #e8e8e8;
|
||
padding: 0 15px;
|
||
font-size: 14px;
|
||
background-color: #f0f0f0;
|
||
-webkit-overflow-scrolling: touch;
|
||
}
|
||
body {
|
||
position: absolute;
|
||
top: 0;
|
||
left: 20%;
|
||
width: 84ex;
|
||
margin-left: auto;
|
||
margin-right: auto;
|
||
text-align: justify;
|
||
hyphens: auto;
|
||
-moz-hyphens: auto;
|
||
-webkit-hyphens: auto;
|
||
-ms-hyphens: auto;
|
||
right: 0;
|
||
padding: 0 15px;
|
||
-webkit-overflow-scrolling: touch;
|
||
font-size: 14px;
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
@media only print {
|
||
#table-of-contents, #nav {
|
||
display: none;
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
@media only screen and (max-width: 1023px) {
|
||
#table-of-contents {
|
||
width: 100%;
|
||
top: 40px;
|
||
}
|
||
body {
|
||
text-align: justify;
|
||
hyphens: auto;
|
||
-moz-hyphens: auto;
|
||
-webkit-hyphens: auto;
|
||
-ms-hyphens: auto;
|
||
width: 84ex;
|
||
margin-left: auto;
|
||
margin-right: auto;
|
||
right: 0;
|
||
padding: 0 15px;
|
||
-webkit-overflow-scrolling: touch;
|
||
font-size: 14px;
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
@media (min-width: 768px) {
|
||
body {
|
||
max-width: 750px;
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
body {
|
||
font-family:Roboto,'Helvetica Neue',sans-serif;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
.org-info-js_header-navigation > a,
|
||
.org-info-js_info-navigation a[accesskey],
|
||
.org-info-js_info-navigation > tbody:nth-child(1) > tr:nth-child(1) > td:nth-child(1) > span:nth-child(2) > a:nth-child(1)
|
||
{
|
||
font-size: 1ex;
|
||
border-radius: 10px;
|
||
padding: 5px;
|
||
margin-top: 5px;
|
||
margin-bottom: 5px;
|
||
background-color: #F9F9F9;
|
||
border: solid 1px #EFE9E9;
|
||
color: #804040;
|
||
text-decoration: none;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
#table-of-contents ul {
|
||
padding: 0;
|
||
}
|
||
.toc-h1 {
|
||
margin-left: 0ex;
|
||
list-style-type: none;
|
||
}
|
||
.toc-h2 {
|
||
margin-left: 3ex;
|
||
list-style-type: none;
|
||
}
|
||
.toc-h3 {
|
||
margin-left: 6ex;
|
||
list-style-type: none;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
a {
|
||
color: #202090;
|
||
}
|
||
#table-of-contents a,
|
||
.org-info-js_info-navigation a {
|
||
text-decoration: none;
|
||
}
|
||
#table-of-contents a:hover {
|
||
text-decoration: underline;
|
||
text-color: #502030;
|
||
}
|
||
#table-of-contents a:visited {
|
||
color: #d02010;
|
||
}
|
||
#table-of-contents a {
|
||
color: #101080;
|
||
}
|
||
#table-of-contents {
|
||
background-color: #FaFaFf;
|
||
}
|
||
#table-of-contents a.current, #table-of-contents .toc-active {
|
||
background-color: #f0e0d0;
|
||
}
|
||
pre.src, pre.example {
|
||
font-size: 90%;
|
||
overflow-y : scroll;
|
||
}
|
||
@media (max-width: 400px) {
|
||
pre.src, pre.example {
|
||
overflow-x: scroll;
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
code {
|
||
background: #F0A040;
|
||
border: solid 1px #E0E8E0;
|
||
padding-top: 0ex;
|
||
padding-bottom: 0ex;
|
||
padding-left: .1ex;
|
||
padding-right: .1ex;
|
||
font-size: 110%;
|
||
border-radius: 5px;
|
||
}
|
||
methode {
|
||
background: #F0F0F0;
|
||
border: solid 1px #E0E8E0;
|
||
padding-top: 0ex;
|
||
padding-bottom: 0ex;
|
||
padding-left: .1ex;
|
||
padding-right: .1ex;
|
||
font-size: 100%;
|
||
border-radius: 5px;
|
||
}
|
||
touche {
|
||
background: #A0A0A0;
|
||
border: solid 1px #101010;
|
||
padding-top: 0ex;
|
||
padding-bottom: 0ex;
|
||
padding-left: .4ex;
|
||
padding-right: .4ex;
|
||
font-size: 100%;
|
||
border-radius: 2px;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
.encadreblanc {
|
||
border: solid;
|
||
border-radius: 0.5em;
|
||
margin: 0.1em;
|
||
border-width: 0.1em;
|
||
padding: 0.5em;
|
||
}
|
||
.jeudepiste {
|
||
border: solid;
|
||
border-radius: 0.5em;
|
||
border-color: #4060F0;
|
||
margin: 0.1em;
|
||
border-width: 0.1em;
|
||
padding: 0.5em;
|
||
background-color: #E0F0FF;
|
||
}
|
||
.conseil {
|
||
border: solid;
|
||
border-radius: 0.5em;
|
||
border-color: #80E060;
|
||
margin: 0.1em;
|
||
border-width: 0.1em;
|
||
padding: 0.5em;
|
||
background-color: #B0F0A0;
|
||
}
|
||
.clavier {
|
||
border: solid;
|
||
border-width: 0.1em;
|
||
border-radius: 0.5em;
|
||
padding: 0.2em;
|
||
display: inline-block;
|
||
}
|
||
.attention {
|
||
border-radius: 0.5em;
|
||
border:solid;
|
||
border-color: #F04010;
|
||
border-width: 0.1em;
|
||
padding: 0.5em;
|
||
margin: 0.1em;
|
||
background-color: #FFD080;
|
||
}
|
||
.interdit {
|
||
border-radius: 0.5em;
|
||
border:solid;
|
||
border-color: #F02010;
|
||
border-width: 0.1em;
|
||
padding: 0.5em;
|
||
margin: 0.1em;
|
||
background-color: #FFB090;
|
||
}
|
||
</style><style class="darkreader darkreader--sync" media="screen"></style>
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<div id="content">
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<header>
|
||
<h1 class="title" id="toc-titre">Gestion des processus Unix</h1>
|
||
</header>
|
||
|
||
<nav id="table-of-contents"><ul><li class="toc-h1 toc-active visited_after_load"><a href="#toc-titre">Gestion des processus Unix</a></li><li class="toc-h2"><a href="#titre-0">Unix : concepts fondamentaux</a></li><li class="toc-h2"><a href="#titre-1">1 Etape 1 : Les Processus</a></li><li class="toc-h3"><a href="#titre1-1">1.1 Identification : getpid() et getppid()</a></li><li class="toc-h3"><a href="#titre1-2">1.2 La primitive sleep()</a></li><li class="toc-h3"><a href="#titre1-3">1.3 La primitive exit()</a></li><li class="toc-h3"><a href="#titre1-4">1.4 Création d'un processus : fork()</a></li><li class="toc-h3"><a href="#titre1-5">1.5 Importance du exit()</a></li><li class="toc-h3"><a href="#titre1-6">1.6 Héritage des données</a></li><li class="toc-h3"><a href="#titre1-7">1.7 Héritage des descripteurs</a></li><li class="toc-h3"><a href="#titre1-8">1.8 Fils orphelin</a></li><li class="toc-h3"><a href="#titre1-9">1.9 Fils zombie</a></li><li class="toc-h3"><a href="#titre1-10">1.10 wait()</a></li><li class="toc-h3"><a href="#titre1-11">1.11 execl()</a></li><li class="toc-h3"><a href="#titre1-12">1.12 execv()</a></li><li class="toc-h3"><a href="#titre1-13">1.13 Conservation des descripteurs</a></li></ul></nav>
|
||
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||
<div id="outline-container-0" class="outline-1">
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||
<div class="org-center">
|
||
<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#6b4de1;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="#4020C0">
|
||
Auteur: Zouheir HAMROUNI
|
||
</font>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div id="outline-container-0" class="outline-2">
|
||
<h2 id="titre-0"><span class="section-number-2"></span>Unix : concepts fondamentaux</h2>
|
||
<div class="outline-text-2" id="text-0">
|
||
<p>
|
||
Unix met en oeuvre plusieurs concepts fondamentaux :
|
||
</p><ul>
|
||
<li>
|
||
Les processus : pour la gestion des traitements (exécutions de programmes).
|
||
Ce concept encapsule l’exécution d’un programme de façon à assurer l’allocation et le contrôle
|
||
des ressources nécessaires à cette exécution (processeur(s), mémoires,
|
||
périphériques, fichiers, pipes, sockets…). Plusieurs processus peuvent
|
||
exister en parallèle et se partager de façon optimisée ces ressources.
|
||
</li>
|
||
<br>
|
||
<li>Les fichiers : pour la gestion des données, ce concept permet d’assurer une rémanence et
|
||
un contrôle des données des usagers du système.
|
||
</li>
|
||
<br>
|
||
<li>
|
||
La gestion dynamique des processus et fichiers dans une structure
|
||
arborescente. En effet, tout processus est un descendant d’un processus
|
||
père, et appartient à une arborescence qui a pour racine le processus
|
||
initial (numéro 1) ; et tout fichier est placé dans une arborescence de
|
||
répertoires ayant une racine unique.
|
||
</li>
|
||
<br>
|
||
<li>La protection des ressources : Tout processus s’exécute pour un usager appartenant à un groupe.
|
||
Tout fichier possède de la même manière un créateur identifié. L’identification d’un usager
|
||
définit ainsi une capacité d’accès de cet usager aux ressources du système via les processus
|
||
qu’il engendrera.
|
||
</li>
|
||
<br>
|
||
<li>
|
||
La transparence de l’architecture matérielle : ce principe consiste à masquer
|
||
les particularités des architectures supports. Le noyau système définit par exemple un système
|
||
de gestion d’exceptions (déroutements et interruptions), et des signaux indépendants de tout
|
||
processeur matériel.
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div id="outline-container-1" class="outline-2">
|
||
<h2 id="titre-1"><span class="section-number-2">1 </span>Etape 1 : Les Processus</h2>
|
||
Un processus est une instance d'exécution d'un programme (un programme
|
||
en cours d'exécution). Ce concept encapsule l’exécution d’un programme
|
||
de manière à assurer l’allocation et le contrôle
|
||
des ressources nécessaires à cette exécution (temps processeur, mémoire,
|
||
|
||
périphériques, fichiers, pipes, sockets…). Plusieurs processus peuvent
|
||
exister en parallèle et se partager de façon optimisée ces ressources.
|
||
<p>
|
||
Les processus sont organisés dans une structure arborescente : tout
|
||
processus est un descendant d’un processus père, et appartient à une
|
||
arborescence qui a pour racine le processus initial.
|
||
</p><p>
|
||
Chaque processus Unix possède un numéro "pid" (process id), et un
|
||
processus père (son créateur, et son supérieur dans l'arborescence des
|
||
processus). Le processus initial (racine de l'arborescence) porte le
|
||
numéro 1.
|
||
</p><p>
|
||
Nous allons nous intéresser aux primitives de base de gestion des
|
||
processus. Par défaut, et sauf précision contraire, ces primitives sont
|
||
définies dans "unistd.h", fichier à référencer en début du code.
|
||
</p><pre><font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#337dff;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="blue">#include</font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red"><</font>unistd.h<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">></font>
|
||
</pre>
|
||
|
||
<div id="outline-container-1-1" class="outline-3">
|
||
<h3 id="titre1-1"><span class="section-number-3">1.1 </span>Identification : getpid() et getppid()</h3>
|
||
<div class="outline-text-3" id="text-1-1">
|
||
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<methode>pid_t getpid()</methode> : retourne le pid du processus appelant (pid_t : synonyme d'entier).
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<methode>pid_t getppid()</methode> : retourne le pid du père du processus appelant.
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<p>Chaque processus peut donc connaître son numéro (pid) et le numéro de son père (ppid).
|
||
</p></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div id="outline-container-1-2" class="outline-3">
|
||
<h3 id="titre1-2"><span class="section-number-3">1.2 </span>La primitive sleep()</h3>
|
||
<div class="outline-text-3" id="text-1-2">
|
||
|
||
<methode>unsigned int sleep(int n)</methode> : endort le processus
|
||
appelant pour une durée de n secondes. Cette durée peut être écourtée
|
||
dès qu'un signal non ignoré est reçu.
|
||
<p>
|
||
<methode>sleep()</methode> renvoie zéro si le temps prévu s'est écoulé, ou le nombre de secondes restantes si l'appel a été interrompu.
|
||
</p><p>
|
||
Nous l'utiliserons pour faire durer les processus testés pendant un temps choisi.
|
||
|
||
</p></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div id="outline-container-1-3" class="outline-3">
|
||
<h3 id="titre1-3"><span class="section-number-3">1.3 </span>La primitive exit()</h3>
|
||
<div class="outline-text-3" id="text-1-3">
|
||
|
||
<methode>void exit(int n)</methode> : met fin au processus appelant avec n comme code de retour.
|
||
<p>Par convention, le code de retour est :
|
||
</p><ul>
|
||
<li>
|
||
est égal à 0 (EXIT_SUCCESS : constante prédéfinie) après un comportement correct
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
est différent de 0 pour indiquer une erreur
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div id="outline-container-1-4" class="outline-3">
|
||
<h3 id="titre1-4"><span class="section-number-3">1.4 </span>Création d'un processus : fork()</h3>
|
||
<div class="outline-text-3" id="text-1-4">
|
||
Un processus peut créer un fils en appelant la primitive fork() :
|
||
<p>
|
||
<methode>pid_t fork()</methode> : crée dynamiquement un nouveau processus (fils) qui s'exécute de façon
|
||
concurrente avec le processus qui le crée (processus père). Ce processus fils hérite du processus
|
||
père les attributs suivants :
|
||
</p><ul>
|
||
<li>
|
||
même code
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
une copie de la zone de données du père
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
environnement d'exécution
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
priorité
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
descripteurs de fichiers ouverts
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
traitement des signaux
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
Après exécution du <methode>fork()</methode>, on se trouve avec deux processus (un père et un fils)
|
||
ayant le même code et
|
||
la même image de données. En cas de succès, la primitive <methode>fork()</methode> renvoie deux valeurs différentes :
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>
|
||
dans le code du père : la valeur de retour indique le pid du fils créé (>0)
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
dans le code du fils : la valeur de retour est égale à 0
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
|
||
En cas d'échec (nombre maximum de processus atteint) : aucun fils n'est créé et la valeur de retour du <methode>fork()</methode> est égale à -1
|
||
|
||
|
||
<p>Même si le père et son fils ont le même code, on peut différencier les traitements effectués
|
||
par l'un et par l'autre en se basant sur la valeur de retour du fork.
|
||
</p><p>
|
||
Le code suivant illustre ce concept : le processus principal crée 3 fils, en
|
||
répétant le même traitement à l'intérieur d'une boucle "for" dans laquelle il passe 3 fois.
|
||
</p><p>
|
||
Au premier passage (fils=1), le processus principal exécute la primitive <methode>fork()</methode>,
|
||
dont on doit traiter les 3 cas de retour :
|
||
</p><ul>
|
||
<li>
|
||
retour = -1 : le <methode>fork()</methode> a échoué et aucun fils n'a été créé. Dans ce cas, le processus principal s'arrête en faisant appel à la primitive <methode>exit()</methode> et en y indiquant une valeur d'arrêt différente de 0 (par convention). Il est important
|
||
de prévoir le traitement du retour d'erreur de toute primitive système.
|
||
</li>
|
||
<br>
|
||
<li>
|
||
retour >= 0 : le <methode>fork()</methode> a créé un processus fils qui hérite du même code que son père. La valeur de retour n'est pas la même dans les deux codes :
|
||
</li>
|
||
<br>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>
|
||
retour = 0 : on se trouve dans le code du fils, qui va exécuter la séquence à l'intérieur du
|
||
"if (retour == 0)" :
|
||
</li>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>
|
||
affiche son numéro, son pid et le pid de son père
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
s'endort pendant 3 secondes
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
et s'arrête en faisant appel à la primitive <methode>exit()</methode>. Par conséquent, le fils,
|
||
même s'il hérite de la
|
||
totalité du code de son père, ne va jamais entrer de nouveau dans la boucle "for".
|
||
Nous verrons plus loin ce qu'il se passe si on enlève l'appel à <methode>exit()</methode>.
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<p>
|
||
</p><li>
|
||
retour > 0 : on se trouve dans le code du père, qui affiche le numéro et le pid du fils qu'il vient
|
||
de créer, et repart dans la boucle "for".
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
Le même traitement se répète lors du deuxième et du troisième passage dans la boucle "for".
|
||
<p>
|
||
</p><pre> 1 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#72ff72;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="green">/* Exemple d'illustration des primitives Unix : Un père et ses fils */</font>
|
||
2 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#72ff72;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="green">/* Création de fils : fork et exit */</font>
|
||
3
|
||
4 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#337dff;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="blue">#include</font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red"><</font>stdio.h<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">></font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#72ff72;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="green">/* entrées sorties */</font>
|
||
5 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#337dff;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="blue">#include</font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red"><</font>unistd.h<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">></font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#72ff72;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="green">/* pimitives de base : fork, ...*/</font>
|
||
6 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#337dff;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="blue">#include</font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red"><</font>stdlib.h<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">></font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#72ff72;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="green">/* exit */</font>
|
||
7
|
||
8 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#337dff;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="blue">#define</font> NB_FILS 3 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#72ff72;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="green">/* nombre de fils */</font>
|
||
9
|
||
10 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff72ff;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="purple">int</font> main<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">(</font><font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">)</font>
|
||
11 {
|
||
12 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff72ff;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="purple">int</font> fils, retour <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">;</font>
|
||
13 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff72ff;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="purple">int</font> duree_sommeil <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">=</font> 2 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">;</font>
|
||
14
|
||
15 printf<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">(</font><font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ffae1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="orange">"\nJe suis le processus principal de pid %d\n"</font>, getpid<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">(</font><font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">)</font><font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">)</font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">;</font>
|
||
16
|
||
17 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#337dff;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="blue">for</font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">(</font>fils <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">=</font> 1 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">;</font> fils <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red"><=</font> NB_FILS <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">;</font> fils++<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">)</font> {
|
||
18 retour <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">=</font> fork<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">(</font><font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">)</font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">;</font>
|
||
19
|
||
20 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#72ff72;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="green">/* Bonne pratique : tester systématiquement le retour des appels système */</font>
|
||
21 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#337dff;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="blue">if</font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">(</font>retour <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red"><</font> 0<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">)</font> { <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#72ff72;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="green">/* échec du fork */</font>
|
||
22 printf<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">(</font><font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ffae1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="orange">"Erreur fork\n"</font><font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">)</font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">;</font>
|
||
23 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#72ff72;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="green">/* Convention : s'arrêter avec une valeur <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">></font> 0 en cas d'erreur */</font>
|
||
24 exit<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">(</font>1<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">)</font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">;</font>
|
||
25 }
|
||
26
|
||
27 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#72ff72;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="green">/* fils */</font>
|
||
28 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#337dff;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="blue">if</font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">(</font>retour <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">==</font> 0<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">)</font> {
|
||
29 printf<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">(</font><font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ffae1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="orange">"\n Processus fils numero %d, de pid %d, de pere %d.\n"</font>,
|
||
30 fils, getpid<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">(</font><font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">)</font>, getppid<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">(</font><font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">)</font><font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">)</font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">;</font>
|
||
31 sleep<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">(</font>duree_sommeil<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">)</font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">;</font>
|
||
32 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#72ff72;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="green">/* Important : terminer un processus par exit */</font>
|
||
33 exit<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">(</font>EXIT_SUCCESS<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">)</font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">;</font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#72ff72;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="green">/* Terminaison normale <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">(</font>0 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">=</font> sans erreur<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">)</font> */</font>
|
||
34 }
|
||
35
|
||
36 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#72ff72;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="green">/* pere */</font>
|
||
37 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#337dff;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="blue">else</font> {
|
||
38 printf<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">(</font><font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ffae1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="orange">"\nProcessus de pid %d a cree un fils numero %d, de pid %d \n"</font>,
|
||
39 getpid<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">(</font><font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">)</font>, fils, retour<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">)</font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">;</font>
|
||
40 }
|
||
41 }
|
||
42 sleep<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">(</font>duree_sommeil<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">)</font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">;</font>
|
||
43 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#337dff;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="blue">return</font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#337dff;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="blue">EXIT_SUCCESS</font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">;</font>
|
||
44 }
|
||
</pre>
|
||
|
||
<p>Pour valider cet exercice, il faut :
|
||
|
||
</p><ul>
|
||
<li>
|
||
Compiler le code ci-dessus : gcc -Wall -o nom_executable pere_fils.c
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
lancer l'outil de validation "apisys" dans un terminal shell
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
se placer sur le bon exercice (commandes p et s) et lancer son exécution
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
répondre aux questions posées
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
|
||
<h4 class="trigger"> <a href="#">Visualiser l'interprétation des résultats</a></h4>
|
||
<section class="toggle_container" style="display: none;">
|
||
<p>
|
||
En exécutant ce code, on peut voir 7 messages affichés à l'écran :
|
||
</p><ul>
|
||
<li>
|
||
4 messages affichés par le père : 1 avant la boucle "for", et 1 à chaque passage dans la boucle "for"
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
1 message affiché par chaque fils
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
En répétant l'exécution plusiuers fois, on peut remarquer que ces 7 messages ne
|
||
s'affichent pas toujours dans le même ordre. Car l'ordonnancement des processus
|
||
n'est pas le même d'une exécution à l'autre.
|
||
|
||
<p>
|
||
En exécutant ce code, et en tapant rapidement la commande "ps l" dans un
|
||
autre termianl (avant l'expiration des 3 secondes), on peut vérifier
|
||
l'existante des 4 processus, et leurs liens de paranté (colonnes PID et
|
||
PPID).
|
||
</p></section>
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div id="outline-container-1-5" class="outline-3">
|
||
<h3 id="titre1-5"><span class="section-number-3">1.5 </span>Importance du <methode>exit()</methode></h3>
|
||
<div class="outline-text-3" id="text-1-5">
|
||
|
||
<p>Dans l'exemple dessus, le code du fils est délimité entre le "if (retour == 0)" et <methode>exit(EXIT_SUCCESS)</methode>. Ce qui permet de séparer clairement le code exécuté par le père de celui du fils.
|
||
</p><p>
|
||
Si on reprend le même code que dessus et on supprime le <methode>exit(EXIT_SUCCESS)</methode>, on abtient un comprtement très différent des fils.
|
||
</p><pre> 1 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#72ff72;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="green">/* Exemple d'illustration des primitives Unix : Un père et ses fils */</font>
|
||
2 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#72ff72;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="green">/* Absence du exit dans le fils, et conséquences */</font>
|
||
3
|
||
4 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#337dff;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="blue">#include</font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red"><</font>stdio.h<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">></font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#72ff72;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="green">/* entrées sorties */</font>
|
||
5 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#337dff;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="blue">#include</font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red"><</font>unistd.h<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">></font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#72ff72;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="green">/* pimitives de base : fork, ...*/</font>
|
||
6 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#337dff;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="blue">#include</font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red"><</font>stdlib.h<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">></font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#72ff72;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="green">/* exit */</font>
|
||
7
|
||
8 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#337dff;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="blue">#define</font> NB_FILS 3 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#72ff72;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="green">/* nombre de fils */</font>
|
||
9
|
||
10 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff72ff;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="purple">int</font> main<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">(</font><font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">)</font>
|
||
11 {
|
||
12 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff72ff;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="purple">int</font> fils, retour <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">;</font>
|
||
13 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff72ff;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="purple">int</font> duree_sommeil <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">=</font> 3 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">;</font>
|
||
14
|
||
15 printf<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">(</font><font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ffae1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="orange">"\nJe suis le processus principal de pid %d\n"</font>, getpid<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">(</font><font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">)</font><font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">)</font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">;</font>
|
||
16
|
||
17 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#337dff;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="blue">for</font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">(</font>fils <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">=</font> 1 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">;</font> fils <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red"><=</font> NB_FILS <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">;</font> fils++<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">)</font> {
|
||
18 retour <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">=</font> fork<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">(</font><font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">)</font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">;</font>
|
||
19
|
||
20 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#72ff72;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="green">/* Bonne pratique : tester systématiquement le retour des appels système */</font>
|
||
21 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#337dff;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="blue">if</font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">(</font>retour <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red"><</font> 0<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">)</font> {
|
||
22 printf<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">(</font><font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ffae1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="orange">"Erreur fork\n"</font><font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">)</font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">;</font>
|
||
23 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#72ff72;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="green">/* Convention : s'arrêter avec une valeur <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">></font> 0 en cas d'erreur */</font>
|
||
24 exit<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">(</font>1<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">)</font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">;</font>
|
||
25 }
|
||
26
|
||
27 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#72ff72;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="green">/* fils */</font>
|
||
28 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#337dff;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="blue">if</font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">(</font>retour <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">==</font> 0<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">)</font> {
|
||
29 printf<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">(</font><font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ffae1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="orange">"\n Processus fils numero %d, de pid %d, de pere %d.\n"</font>,
|
||
30 fils, getpid<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">(</font><font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">)</font>, getppid<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">(</font><font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">)</font><font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">)</font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">;</font>
|
||
31 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#72ff72;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="green">/* Le fils ne s'arrete pas ici */</font>
|
||
32 }
|
||
33
|
||
34 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#72ff72;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="green">/* pere */</font>
|
||
35 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#337dff;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="blue">else</font> {
|
||
36 printf<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">(</font><font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ffae1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="orange">"\nProcessus de pid %d a cree un fils numero %d, de pid %d \n"</font>,
|
||
37 getpid<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">(</font><font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">)</font>, fils, retour<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">)</font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">;</font>
|
||
38 }
|
||
39 }
|
||
40 sleep<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">(</font>duree_sommeil<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">)</font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">;</font>
|
||
41 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#337dff;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="blue">return</font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#337dff;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="blue">EXIT_SUCCESS</font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">;</font>
|
||
42 }
|
||
</pre>
|
||
|
||
<p>
|
||
Testez ce code dans l'outil "apisys" (comme indiqué plus haut), et répondez aux questions posées.
|
||
</p><h4 class="trigger"> <a href="#">Visualiser l'interprétation des résultats</a></h4>
|
||
<section class="toggle_container" style="display: none;">
|
||
<p>
|
||
</p><p>A l'exécution de ce code, on obtient le comportement suivant :
|
||
</p><ul>
|
||
<li>
|
||
lors du premier passage dans la boucle, le processus principal (père) crée un premier fils (que l'on appellera fils_1),
|
||
qui continue à exécuter le code de la boucle "for", car il n'y a plus d'exit qui l'arrête :
|
||
donc deux processus qui vont exécuter le deuxième passage de laboucle "for"
|
||
</li>
|
||
<p>
|
||
</p><li>
|
||
lors du dexième passage dans la boucle (père et fils_1) :
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>
|
||
le processus père crée un dexième fils (fils_2)
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
le porcessus fils_1 crée un fils que l'on nommera petit_fils_1_1
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>
|
||
lors du troisième passage dans la boucle (père, fils_1, fils_2 et petit_fils_1_1) :
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>
|
||
le processus père crée un troisième fils (fils_3)
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
le porcessus fils_1 crée un deuxième fils que l'on nommera petit_fils_1_2
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
le porcessus fils_2 crée un fils que l'on nommera petit_fils_2_1
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
le porcessus petit_fils_1_1 crée un fils que l'on nommera arrière_petit_fils_1_1
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<p>
|
||
</p><li>
|
||
Et s'il y avait un éventuel quatrième passage, 8 nouveaux processus seraient créés,
|
||
donc doublement du nombre de processus à chaque nouveau passge dans la boucle !
|
||
</li></ul>
|
||
</section>
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div id="outline-container-1-6" class="outline-3">
|
||
<h3 id="titre1-6"><span class="section-number-3">1.6 </span>Héritage des données</h3>
|
||
<div class="outline-text-3" id="text-1-6">
|
||
Comme indiqué dessus, le processus fils hérite d'une copie de la zone de données de son père.
|
||
Il possède donc une copie de toutes les variables du code. Pour une variable donnée,
|
||
la valeur vue par le fils est la même que celle vue par le père tant que cette variable
|
||
n'est pas modifiée. Car dès que la avriable est modifiée par le père ou par le fils,
|
||
la copie du fils devient forcément différente de celle du père.
|
||
<p>
|
||
Le code suivant reprend le premier code présenté plus haut en ajoutant une variable appelée "patrimoine_fils",
|
||
que le père initialise à 10000, comme cadeau de naissance qu'il réserve à chaque nouveau fils.
|
||
</p><p>
|
||
Chaque fils, fait fructifier son patrimoine, modifie donc la variable patrimoine_fils, et l'affiche avant de s'arrêter.
|
||
</p><p>
|
||
De son côté, le père essaie de calculer le patrimoine total de ses fils en lisant la variable
|
||
patrimoine_fils, mais malheureusement pour lui, il n'a accès qu'à sa propore copie, et pas
|
||
à celles de ses fils.
|
||
</p><pre> 1 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#72ff72;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="green">/* Exemple d'illustration des primitives Unix : Un père et ses fils */</font>
|
||
2 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#72ff72;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="green">/* Héritage et dupplication des données */</font>
|
||
3
|
||
4 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#337dff;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="blue">#include</font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red"><</font>stdio.h<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">></font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#72ff72;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="green">/* entrées sorties */</font>
|
||
5 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#337dff;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="blue">#include</font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red"><</font>unistd.h<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">></font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#72ff72;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="green">/* pimitives de base : fork, ...*/</font>
|
||
6 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#337dff;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="blue">#include</font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red"><</font>stdlib.h<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">></font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#72ff72;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="green">/* exit */</font>
|
||
7
|
||
8 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#337dff;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="blue">#define</font> NB_FILS 3 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#72ff72;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="green">/* nombre de fils */</font>
|
||
9 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#337dff;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="blue">#define</font> DELAI 3
|
||
10
|
||
11 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff72ff;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="purple">int</font> main<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">(</font><font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">)</font>
|
||
12 {
|
||
13 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff72ff;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="purple">int</font> fils, retour <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">;</font>
|
||
14 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff72ff;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="purple">int</font> cagnotte, patrimoine_fils <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">;</font>
|
||
15 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff72ff;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="purple">int</font> duree_sommeil <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">=</font> 3 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">;</font>
|
||
16 cagnotte <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">=</font> 30000 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">;</font>
|
||
17 patrimoine_fils <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">=</font> cagnotte / NB_FILS <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">;</font>
|
||
18
|
||
19 printf<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">(</font><font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ffae1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="orange">"\nJe suis le processus principal de pid %d\n"</font>, getpid<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">(</font><font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">)</font><font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">)</font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">;</font>
|
||
20 printf<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">(</font><font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ffae1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="orange">"Je dispose de %d Euros, que je partage entre mes futurs fils\n"</font>, cagnotte<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">)</font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">;</font>
|
||
21
|
||
22 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#337dff;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="blue">for</font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">(</font>fils <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">=</font> 1 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">;</font> fils <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red"><=</font> NB_FILS <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">;</font> fils++<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">)</font> {
|
||
23 retour <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">=</font> fork<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">(</font><font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">)</font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">;</font>
|
||
24
|
||
25 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#72ff72;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="green">/* Bonne pratique : tester systématiquement le retour des appels système */</font>
|
||
26 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#337dff;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="blue">if</font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">(</font>retour <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red"><</font> 0<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">)</font> { <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#72ff72;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="green">/* échec du fork */</font>
|
||
27 printf<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">(</font><font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ffae1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="orange">"Erreur fork\n"</font><font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">)</font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">;</font>
|
||
28 exit<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">(</font>1<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">)</font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">;</font>
|
||
29 }
|
||
30
|
||
31 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#72ff72;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="green">/* fils */</font>
|
||
32 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#337dff;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="blue">if</font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">(</font>retour <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">==</font> 0<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">)</font> {
|
||
33 printf<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">(</font><font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ffae1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="orange">"\n Processus fils numero %d : mon pere m'a offert %d Euros\n"</font>,
|
||
34 fils, patrimoine_fils<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">)</font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">;</font>
|
||
35 patrimoine_fils <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">=</font> patrimoine_fils * <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">(</font>fils + 1<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">)</font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">;</font>
|
||
36 sleep<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">(</font>duree_sommeil<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">)</font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">;</font>
|
||
37 printf<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">(</font><font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ffae1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="orange">"\n Processus fils numero %d - j'ai augmente mon patrimoine a %d Euros\n"</font>,
|
||
38 fils, patrimoine_fils<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">)</font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">;</font>
|
||
39 exit<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">(</font>EXIT_SUCCESS<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">)</font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">;</font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#72ff72;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="green">/* Te:rminaison normale <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">(</font>0 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">=</font> sans erreur<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">)</font> */</font>
|
||
40 }
|
||
41
|
||
42 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#72ff72;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="green">/* pere */</font>
|
||
43 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#337dff;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="blue">else</font> {
|
||
44 printf<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">(</font><font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ffae1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="orange">"\nProcessus de pid %d a cree un fils numero %d, de pid %d \n"</font>,
|
||
45 getpid<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">(</font><font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">)</font>, fils, retour<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">)</font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">;</font>
|
||
46 }
|
||
47 }
|
||
48 sleep<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">(</font>duree_sommeil+1<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">)</font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">;</font>
|
||
49
|
||
50 printf<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">(</font><font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ffae1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="orange">"\nProcessus Principal - le patrimoine total de mes fils est de %d\n"</font>, patrimoine_fils*NB_FILS<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">)</font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">;</font>
|
||
51 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#337dff;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="blue">return</font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#337dff;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="blue">EXIT_SUCCESS</font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">;</font>
|
||
52 }
|
||
</pre>
|
||
|
||
<p>
|
||
Testez ce code dans l'outil "apisys" (comme indiqué plus haut), et répondez aux questions posées.
|
||
</p><h4 class="trigger"> <a href="#">Visualiser l'interprétation des résultats</a></h4>
|
||
<section class="toggle_container" style="display: none;">
|
||
<p>A l'exécution de ce code, on vérifie bien que la variable
|
||
patrimoine_fils n'a plus la même valeur dans le père et dans les fils,
|
||
dès qu'elle est modifiée par l'un ou par l'autre. Le père conserve sa
|
||
copie initiale et n'a
|
||
aucun accès aux copies modifiées par ses fils.
|
||
|
||
</p></section>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div id="outline-container-1-7" class="outline-3">
|
||
<h3 id="titre1-7"><span class="section-number-3">1.7 </span>Héritage des descripteurs</h3>
|
||
<div class="outline-text-3" id="text-1-7">
|
||
<p>
|
||
Chaque processus échange des informations avec son environnement (écran, clavier,
|
||
fichiers, etc) sous la forme de suites d’octets (ou flots d’entrées/sorties).
|
||
L'accès à chaque canal de communication (lecture/écriture) se fait par l'intermédiaire d'un descripteur (numéro >=0).
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p>
|
||
Par défaut, Unix/Linux gère trois flots d’entrée/sortie :
|
||
</p><ul>
|
||
<li>
|
||
l’entrée standard (flot numéro 0), <code>stdin</code>, associée au clavier,
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
la sortie standard (flot numéro 1), <code>stdout</code>, associée à l’écran,
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
la sortie erreur standard (flot numéro 2), <code>stderr</code>, associée aussi à l’écran.
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<div class="encadreblanc">
|
||
Il est possible de modifier ces associations pour un processus : par exemple, associer la sortie
|
||
standad à un fichier, de manère à ce que les messages ne s'affichent plus à l'écran,
|
||
mais s'écrivent dans ce fichier.
|
||
<p>Cette modification ne nécessite pas la modification du code,
|
||
et se fait simplement avec un mécanisme appelé redirection :
|
||
</p><ul>
|
||
<li>
|
||
la sortie standard peut être redéfinie à l’aide du caractère <code>></code> : dans la commande
|
||
suivante, le résultat du <code>ls</code> est redirigé dans le fichier <i>fic</i>
|
||
<pre><code>ls ></code> <i>fic</i>
|
||
</pre>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
il est possible d'ajouter à un fichier le résultat d'une commande : dans la commande suivante,
|
||
le résultat du <code>ls -l</code> s'ajoute au fichier <i>fic</i>
|
||
<pre><code>ls -l >></code> <i>fic</i>
|
||
</pre>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
en Bourne shell, sh ou bash, la sortie erreur standard peut être redirigée par
|
||
<code>2></code> : la commande suivante écrit les messages d’erreurs éventuellement
|
||
engendrés par l’exécution de <code>rm</code> dans le fichier <i>fic</i>
|
||
<pre><code>rm toto 2></code> <i>ficerreur</i>
|
||
</pre>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
l’entrée standard peut être redirigée par <code><</code> : les commandes suivantes
|
||
réalisent une lecture d'un caractère au clavier et son affichage, en passant par la variable c
|
||
<pre><code>read c; echo $c </code>
|
||
</pre>
|
||
Dans cette seconde version, la lecture est faite dans le fichier <i>fic</i>
|
||
<pre><code>read c <</code> <i>fic</i> <code>; echo $c </code>
|
||
</pre>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<p>Un processus fils hérite de tous les descripteurs ouverts dans son père (entrées/sorties
|
||
standard, fichiers, etc.).
|
||
</p><ul>
|
||
<li>
|
||
Nous avons vu lors des exécutions précédentes que les messages
|
||
du père et ceux des différents fils sont affichés dans le même terminal (sortie standard).
|
||
</li>
|
||
<p>
|
||
</p><li>
|
||
De même, tout descripteur de fichier ouvert par le père est hérité par ses fils,
|
||
y compris lorsque ce fichier est ouvert par redirection.
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<p>
|
||
Pour illustrer cela, on reprend le premier programme pere_fils.c et on l'exécute en redirigeant
|
||
la sortie standard dans un fichier : (pere_fils > fic_sortie).
|
||
</p><p>Après exécution, on peut remarquer :
|
||
</p><ul>
|
||
<li>
|
||
aucun message n'est affiché dans le terminal d'exécution
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
les messages qui devaient s'afficher dans le terminal d'exécution se trouvent
|
||
maintenant dans le fichier "fic_sortie"
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
mais, certains messages sont en double ou en triple
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<p>L'explication de ce dernier point, se trouve dans le fonctionnement du "printf".
|
||
D'après le standard ISO, le comprtement du "printf" n'est pas le même pour la sortie
|
||
standard et pour un fichier ordinaire :
|
||
</p><ul>
|
||
<li>
|
||
dans le cas d'une sortie interactive (terminal), le flot est géré par ligne
|
||
et \n provoque la vidange du tampon langage
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
dans le cas d'une sortie dans un fichier ordinaire, le flot est géré par
|
||
bloc
|
||
(pour limiter les échanges avec le fichier) : '\n' est traité comme un
|
||
caractère ordinaire et ne commande plus la vidange du buffer.
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<p>
|
||
Chaque fils hérite du tampon (zone mémoire) de sortie du père, qui contient les messages
|
||
déjà envoyés par le père et non vidangés, auxquels va s'ajouter le message du fils.
|
||
Par conséquent, chaque fils va envoyer un flot de données contenant, en plus de son propre
|
||
message, les messages antérieurs du père. C'est pour cela que certains messages se
|
||
strouvent en 3 exemplaires (réaffichés par les fils 2 et 3), et d'autres en double
|
||
exemplaire (réaffichés par le fils 3).
|
||
</p><ul>
|
||
<li>
|
||
Le fis nuéro 1 récupère un tampon qui contient le premeir message du père
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
Le fis nuéro 2 récupère un tampon qui contient
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>
|
||
le premeir message du père
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
le message affiché par le père lors du premier passage dans la boucle
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
Le fis nuéro 3 récupère un tampon qui contient
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>
|
||
le premeir message du père
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
le message affiché par le père lors du premier passage dans la boucle
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
le message affiché par le père lors du deuxième passage dans la boucle
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<p>
|
||
Pour forcer la vidange du tampon de sortie, on fait un appel explicite à <methode>fflush(stdout)</methode> après
|
||
chaque printf du père. Ainsi, le fils créé hérite d'un tampon vide et ne dupplique plus
|
||
l'affichage des messages de son père.
|
||
</p><pre> 1 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#72ff72;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="green">/* Exemple d'illustration des primitives Unix : Un père et ses fils */</font>
|
||
2 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#72ff72;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="green">/* Redirection et fflush */</font>
|
||
3
|
||
4 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#337dff;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="blue">#include</font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red"><</font>stdio.h<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">></font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#72ff72;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="green">/* entrées sorties */</font>
|
||
5 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#337dff;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="blue">#include</font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red"><</font>unistd.h<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">></font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#72ff72;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="green">/* pimitives de base : fork, ...*/</font>
|
||
6 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#337dff;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="blue">#include</font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red"><</font>stdlib.h<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">></font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#72ff72;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="green">/* exit */</font>
|
||
7
|
||
8 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#337dff;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="blue">#define</font> NB_FILS 3 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#72ff72;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="green">/* nombre de fils */</font>
|
||
9
|
||
10 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff72ff;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="purple">int</font> main<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">(</font><font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">)</font>
|
||
11 {
|
||
12 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff72ff;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="purple">int</font> fils, retour <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">;</font>
|
||
13 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff72ff;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="purple">int</font> duree_sommeil <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">=</font> 2 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">;</font>
|
||
14
|
||
15 printf<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">(</font><font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ffae1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="orange">"\nJe suis le processus principal de pid %d\n"</font>, getpid<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">(</font><font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">)</font><font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">)</font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">;</font>
|
||
16
|
||
17 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#72ff72;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="green">/* Vidange du tampon de sortie pour que le fils le récupère vide */</font>
|
||
18 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#72ff72;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="green">/* D'après le standard ISO le comportement du printf présente 2 cas : */</font>
|
||
19 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#72ff72;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="green">/* - sortie interactive <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">(</font>terminal<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">)</font> : flot géré par ligne et \n provoque */</font>
|
||
20 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#72ff72;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="green">/* la vidange du tampon langage </font>
|
||
21 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#72ff72;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="green">/* - sortie dans un fichier : flot géré par bloc et \n est traité comme */</font>
|
||
22 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#72ff72;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="green">/* un caractère ordinaire. fflush<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">(</font>stdout<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">)</font> force la vidange du tampon. */</font>
|
||
23
|
||
24 fflush<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">(</font>stdout<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">)</font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">;</font>
|
||
25
|
||
26 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#337dff;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="blue">for</font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">(</font>fils <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">=</font> 1 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">;</font> fils <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red"><=</font> NB_FILS <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">;</font> fils++<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">)</font> {
|
||
27 retour <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">=</font> fork<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">(</font><font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">)</font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">;</font>
|
||
28
|
||
29 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#72ff72;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="green">/* Bonne pratique : tester systématiquement le retour des appels système */</font>
|
||
30 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#337dff;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="blue">if</font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">(</font>retour <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red"><</font> 0<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">)</font> { <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#72ff72;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="green">/* échec du fork */</font>
|
||
31 printf<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">(</font><font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ffae1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="orange">"Erreur fork\n"</font><font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">)</font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">;</font>
|
||
32 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#72ff72;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="green">/* Convention : s'arrêter avec une valeur <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">></font> 0 en cas d'erreur */</font>
|
||
33 exit<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">(</font>1<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">)</font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">;</font>
|
||
34 }
|
||
35
|
||
36 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#72ff72;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="green">/* fils */</font>
|
||
37 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#337dff;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="blue">if</font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">(</font>retour <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">==</font> 0<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">)</font> {
|
||
38 printf<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">(</font><font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ffae1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="orange">"\n Processus fils numero %d, de pid %d, de pere %d.\n"</font>,
|
||
39 fils, getpid<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">(</font><font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">)</font>, getppid<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">(</font><font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">)</font><font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">)</font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">;</font>
|
||
40 sleep<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">(</font>duree_sommeil<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">)</font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">;</font>
|
||
41 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#72ff72;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="green">/* Important : terminer un processus par exit */</font>
|
||
42 exit<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">(</font>EXIT_SUCCESS<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">)</font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">;</font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#72ff72;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="green">/* Terminaison normale <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">(</font>0 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">=</font> sans erreur<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">)</font> */</font>
|
||
43 }
|
||
44
|
||
45 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#72ff72;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="green">/* pere */</font>
|
||
46 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#337dff;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="blue">else</font> {
|
||
47 printf<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">(</font><font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ffae1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="orange">"\nProcessus de pid %d a cree un fils numero %d, de pid %d \n"</font>,
|
||
48 getpid<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">(</font><font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">)</font>, fils, retour<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">)</font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">;</font>
|
||
49 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#72ff72;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="green">/* vidange du tampon de sortie pour que le fils le récupère vide */</font>
|
||
50 fflush<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">(</font>stdout<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">)</font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">;</font>
|
||
51 }
|
||
52 }
|
||
53 sleep<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">(</font>duree_sommeil<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">)</font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">;</font>
|
||
54 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#337dff;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="blue">return</font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#337dff;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="blue">EXIT_SUCCESS</font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">;</font>
|
||
55 }
|
||
|
||
</pre>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<p>Testez ce code dans l'outil "apisys" et vérifiez que les messages ne sont
|
||
plus duppliqués.
|
||
|
||
</p><div id="outline-container-1-8" class="outline-3">
|
||
<h3 id="titre1-8"><span class="section-number-3">1.8 </span>Fils orphelin</h3>
|
||
<div class="outline-text-3" id="text-1-8">
|
||
<p>
|
||
Lorsque le processus père se termine (disparait) avant son fils, ce dernier devient orphelin,
|
||
et est rattaché (adopté) au processus initial portant le numéro 1.
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p>
|
||
On reprend le programme initial pere_fils.c, et on fait durer les fils plus
|
||
longtemps que le père, en agissant sur le paramètre du sleep.
|
||
</p><pre> 1 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#72ff72;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="green">/* Exemple d'illustration des primitives Unix : Un père et ses fils */</font>
|
||
2 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#72ff72;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="green">/* Fils orphelins */</font>
|
||
3
|
||
4 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#337dff;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="blue">#include</font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red"><</font>stdio.h<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">></font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#72ff72;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="green">/* entrées sorties */</font>
|
||
5 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#337dff;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="blue">#include</font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red"><</font>unistd.h<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">></font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#72ff72;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="green">/* pimitives de base : fork, ...*/</font>
|
||
6 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#337dff;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="blue">#include</font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red"><</font>stdlib.h<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">></font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#72ff72;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="green">/* exit */</font>
|
||
7
|
||
8 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#337dff;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="blue">#define</font> NB_FILS 3 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#72ff72;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="green">/* nombre de fils */</font>
|
||
9
|
||
10 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff72ff;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="purple">int</font> main<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">(</font><font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">)</font>
|
||
11 {
|
||
12 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff72ff;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="purple">int</font> fils, retour <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">;</font>
|
||
13 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff72ff;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="purple">int</font> duree_sommeil <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">=</font> 120 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">;</font>
|
||
14
|
||
15 printf<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">(</font><font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ffae1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="orange">"\nJe suis le processus principal de pid %d\n"</font>, getpid<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">(</font><font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">)</font><font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">)</font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">;</font>
|
||
16
|
||
17 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#337dff;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="blue">for</font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">(</font>fils <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">=</font> 1 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">;</font> fils <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red"><=</font> NB_FILS <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">;</font> fils++<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">)</font> {
|
||
18 retour <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">=</font> fork<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">(</font><font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">)</font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">;</font>
|
||
19
|
||
20 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#72ff72;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="green">/* Bonne pratique : tester systématiquement le retour des appels système */</font>
|
||
21 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#337dff;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="blue">if</font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">(</font>retour <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red"><</font> 0<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">)</font> { <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#72ff72;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="green">/* échec du fork */</font>
|
||
22 printf<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">(</font><font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ffae1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="orange">"Erreur fork\n"</font><font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">)</font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">;</font>
|
||
23 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#72ff72;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="green">/* Convention : s'arrêter avec une valeur <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">></font> 0 en cas d'erreur */</font>
|
||
24 exit<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">(</font>1<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">)</font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">;</font>
|
||
25 }
|
||
26
|
||
27 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#72ff72;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="green">/* fils */</font>
|
||
28 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#337dff;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="blue">if</font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">(</font>retour <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">==</font> 0<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">)</font> {
|
||
29 printf<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">(</font><font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ffae1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="orange">"\n Processus fils numero %d, de pid %d, de pere %d.\n"</font>,
|
||
30 fils, getpid<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">(</font><font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">)</font>, getppid<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">(</font><font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">)</font><font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">)</font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">;</font>
|
||
31 sleep<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">(</font>duree_sommeil<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">)</font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">;</font>
|
||
32 exit<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">(</font>EXIT_SUCCESS<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">)</font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">;</font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#72ff72;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="green">/* Terminaison normale */</font>
|
||
33 }
|
||
34
|
||
35 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#72ff72;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="green">/* pere */</font>
|
||
36 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#337dff;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="blue">else</font> {
|
||
37 printf<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">(</font><font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ffae1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="orange">"\nProcessus de pid %d a cree un fils numero %d, de pid %d \n"</font>,
|
||
38 getpid<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">(</font><font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">)</font>, fils, retour<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">)</font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">;</font>
|
||
39 }
|
||
40 }
|
||
41 sleep<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">(</font>1<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">)</font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">;</font>
|
||
42 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#337dff;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="blue">return</font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#337dff;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="blue">EXIT_SUCCESS</font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">;</font>
|
||
43 }
|
||
</pre>
|
||
<p>
|
||
Si on exécute ce nouveau code, et on tape
|
||
la commande "ps l" dans un autre terminal, on peut voir dans la colonne "PPID"
|
||
du tableau affiché, que les 3 fils ont pour père le processus 1.
|
||
|
||
</p></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div id="outline-container-1-9" class="outline-3">
|
||
<h3 id="titre1-9"><span class="section-number-3">1.9 </span>Fils zombie</h3>
|
||
<div class="outline-text-3" id="text-1-9">
|
||
<p>
|
||
Lorsque un processus fils se termine sans que son père prenne connaissance de cette
|
||
terminaison, ce fils reste présent et entre dans un état zombie.
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p>
|
||
On reprend le programme initial pere_fils.c, et on fait durer le père plus
|
||
longtemps que les fils, en agissant sur le paramètre du sleep.
|
||
</p><pre> 1 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#72ff72;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="green">/* Exemple d'illustration des primitives Unix : Un père et ses fils */</font>
|
||
2 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#72ff72;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="green">/* Fils Zombie */</font>
|
||
3
|
||
4 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#337dff;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="blue">#include</font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red"><</font>stdio.h<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">></font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#72ff72;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="green">/* entrées sorties */</font>
|
||
5 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#337dff;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="blue">#include</font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red"><</font>unistd.h<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">></font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#72ff72;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="green">/* pimitives de base : fork, ...*/</font>
|
||
6 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#337dff;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="blue">#include</font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red"><</font>stdlib.h<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">></font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#72ff72;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="green">/* exit */</font>
|
||
7
|
||
8 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#337dff;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="blue">#define</font> NB_FILS 3 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#72ff72;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="green">/* nombre de fils */</font>
|
||
9
|
||
10 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff72ff;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="purple">int</font> main<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">(</font><font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">)</font>
|
||
11 {
|
||
12 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff72ff;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="purple">int</font> fils, retour <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">;</font>
|
||
13 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff72ff;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="purple">int</font> duree_sommeil <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">=</font> 120 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">;</font>
|
||
14
|
||
15 printf<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">(</font><font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ffae1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="orange">"\nJe suis le processus principal de pid %d\n"</font>, getpid<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">(</font><font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">)</font><font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">)</font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">;</font>
|
||
16
|
||
17 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#337dff;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="blue">for</font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">(</font>fils <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">=</font> 1 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">;</font> fils <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red"><=</font> NB_FILS <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">;</font> fils++<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">)</font> {
|
||
18 retour <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">=</font> fork<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">(</font><font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">)</font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">;</font>
|
||
19
|
||
20 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#72ff72;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="green">/* Bonne pratique : tester systématiquement le retour des appels système */</font>
|
||
21 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#337dff;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="blue">if</font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">(</font>retour <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red"><</font> 0<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">)</font> { <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#72ff72;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="green">/* échec du fork */</font>
|
||
22 printf<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">(</font><font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ffae1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="orange">"Erreur fork\n"</font><font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">)</font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">;</font>
|
||
23 exit<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">(</font>1<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">)</font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">;</font>
|
||
24 }
|
||
25
|
||
26 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#72ff72;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="green">/* fils */</font>
|
||
27 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#337dff;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="blue">if</font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">(</font>retour <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">==</font> 0<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">)</font> {
|
||
28 printf<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">(</font><font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ffae1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="orange">"\n Processus fils numero %d, de pid %d, de pere %d.\n"</font>,
|
||
29 fils, getpid<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">(</font><font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">)</font>, getppid<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">(</font><font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">)</font><font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">)</font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">;</font>
|
||
30 exit<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">(</font>EXIT_SUCCESS<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">)</font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">;</font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#72ff72;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="green">/* Terminaison normale */</font>
|
||
31 }
|
||
32
|
||
33 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#72ff72;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="green">/* pere */</font>
|
||
34 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#337dff;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="blue">else</font> {
|
||
35 printf<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">(</font><font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ffae1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="orange">"\nProcessus de pid %d a cree un fils numero %d, de pid %d \n"</font>,
|
||
36 getpid<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">(</font><font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">)</font>, fils, retour<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">)</font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">;</font>
|
||
37 }
|
||
38 }
|
||
39 sleep<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">(</font>duree_sommeil<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">)</font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">;</font>
|
||
40 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#337dff;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="blue">return</font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#337dff;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="blue">EXIT_SUCCESS</font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">;</font>
|
||
41 }
|
||
</pre>
|
||
<p>
|
||
Si on exécute ce nouveau code, et on tape
|
||
la commande "ps l" dans un autre terminal, on peut voir dans la colonne STAT
|
||
du tableau affiché, que les 3 fils sont dans l'état zombie (Z, ou Z+) et dans la
|
||
dernière colonne le terme "defunct" ajouté après leur nom.
|
||
|
||
</p></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div id="outline-container-1-10" class="outline-3">
|
||
<h3 id="titre1-10"><span class="section-number-3">1.10 </span>wait()</h3>
|
||
<div class="outline-text-3" id="text-1-10">
|
||
Souvent, le processus père a besoin de prendre connaissance de la terminaison
|
||
des fils qu'il a créés, et d'en connaître le code ou la cause de fin. La primitive
|
||
<methode>wait()</methode> (définie dans sys/wait.h) permet de réaliser
|
||
cette opération.
|
||
<p>
|
||
<methode>pid_t wait(int *status)</methode> permet d'attendre (de façon bloquante) la terminaison
|
||
d'un fils du processus appelant (terminé avec exit ou tué par un signal). Elle :
|
||
</p><ul>
|
||
<li> renvoie le pid du fils qui s'est arrêté ou a été arrêté
|
||
</li>
|
||
<p>
|
||
</p><li> indique dans le paramètre status, passé par référence, le code de terminaison (exit)
|
||
ou le numéro du signal ayant tué le fils. L'accès à ces informations est facilité par des macros :
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>
|
||
WIFEXITED(status) est vrai si le fils s'est terminé avec exit
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>WEXITSTATUS(status) renvoie la valeur du exit
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>WIFSIGNALED(status) est vrai si le fils a été tué par un signal
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>WTERMSIG(status) renvoie le numéro du signal ayant tué le fils
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<p>Le code suivant reprend le code initial en y modifiant les points suivants :
|
||
</p><ul>
|
||
<li>les fils 1 et 3 terminent immédiatement sans attente
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>le fils 2 s'en dort pendant une durée assez longue
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>les 3 fils renvoient leur numéro (respectivement 1, 2, 3) comme valeur de fin
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>le processus principal (père) attend la fin de ses 3 fils, et affiche pour chacun d'eux :
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>la cause de teminaison : avec exit, ou tué par un signal :
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>la valuer du exit ou le numéro du signal
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<pre> 1 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#72ff72;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="green">/* Exemple d'illustration des primitives Unix : Un père et ses fils */</font>
|
||
2 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#72ff72;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="green">/* wait : le père attend la fin de ses fils */</font>
|
||
3
|
||
4 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#337dff;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="blue">#include</font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red"><</font>stdio.h<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">></font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#72ff72;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="green">/* entrées sorties */</font>
|
||
5 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#337dff;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="blue">#include</font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red"><</font>unistd.h<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">></font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#72ff72;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="green">/* pimitives de base : fork, ...*/</font>
|
||
6 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#337dff;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="blue">#include</font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red"><</font>stdlib.h<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">></font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#72ff72;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="green">/* exit */</font>
|
||
7 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#337dff;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="blue">#include</font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red"><</font>sys/wait.h<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">></font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#72ff72;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="green">/* wait */</font>
|
||
8
|
||
9 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#337dff;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="blue">#define</font> NB_FILS 3 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#72ff72;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="green">/* nombre de fils */</font>
|
||
10
|
||
11 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff72ff;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="purple">int</font> main<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">(</font><font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red"></font>
|
||
12 {
|
||
13 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff72ff;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="purple">int</font> fils, retour, wstatus, fils_termine <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">;</font>
|
||
14 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff72ff;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="purple">int</font> duree_sommeil <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">=</font> 300<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">;</font>
|
||
15
|
||
16 printf<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">(</font><font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ffae1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="orange">"\nJe suis le processus principal de pid %d\n"</font>, getpid<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">(</font><font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">)</font><font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">)</font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">;</font>
|
||
17 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#72ff72;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="green">/* Vidange du tampon de sortie pour que le fils le récupère vide */</font>
|
||
18 fflush<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">(</font>stdout<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">)</font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">;</font>
|
||
19
|
||
20 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#337dff;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="blue">for</font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">(</font>fils <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">=</font> 1 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">;</font> fils <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red"><=</font> NB_FILS <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">;</font> fils++<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">)</font> {
|
||
21 retour <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">=</font> fork<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">(</font><font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">)</font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">;</font>
|
||
22
|
||
23 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#72ff72;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="green">/* Bonne pratique : tester systématiquement le retour des appels système */</font>
|
||
24 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#337dff;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="blue">if</font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">(</font>retour <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red"><</font> 0<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">)</font> { <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#72ff72;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="green">/* échec du fork */
|
||
</font>
|
||
25 printf<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">(</font><font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ffae1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="orange">"Erreur fork\n"</font><font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">)</font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">;</font>
|
||
26 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#72ff72;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="green">/* Convention : s'arrêter avec une valeur <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">></font> 0 en cas d'erreur */</font>
|
||
27 exit<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">(</font>1<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">)</font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">;</font>
|
||
28 }
|
||
29
|
||
30 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#72ff72;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="green">/* fils */</font>
|
||
31 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#337dff;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="blue">if</font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">(</font>retour <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">==</font> 0<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">)</font> {
|
||
32 printf<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">(</font><font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ffae1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="orange">"\n Processus fils numero %d, de pid %d, de pere %d.\n"</font>,
|
||
33 fils, getpid<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">(</font><font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">)</font>, getppid<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">(</font><font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">)</font><font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">)</font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">;</font>
|
||
34 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#72ff72;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="green">/* Le fils 2 s'endort pendant une durée asse longue */</font>
|
||
35 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#337dff;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="blue">if</font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">(</font>fils <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">==</font> 2<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">)</font> {
|
||
36 sleep<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">(</font>duree_sommeil<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">)</font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">;</font>
|
||
37 }
|
||
38 exit<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">(</font>fils<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">)</font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">;</font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#72ff72;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="green">/* normalement exit<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">(</font>0<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">)</font>, mais on veut illustrer WEXITSTATUS */</font>
|
||
39 }
|
||
40
|
||
41 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#72ff72;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="green">/* pere */</font>
|
||
42 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#337dff;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="blue">else</font> {
|
||
43 printf<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">(</font><font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ffae1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="orange">"\nProcessus de pid %d a cree un fils numero %d, de pid %d \n"</font>,
|
||
44 getpid<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">(</font><font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">)</font>, fils, retour<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">)</font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">;</font>
|
||
45 }
|
||
46 }
|
||
47
|
||
48 sleep<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">(</font>3<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">)</font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">;</font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#72ff72;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="green">/* pour les besoins de l'outil de validation automatique */</font>
|
||
49
|
||
50 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#72ff72;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="green">/* attendre la fin des fils */</font>
|
||
51 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#337dff;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="blue">for</font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">(</font>fils <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">=</font> 1 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">;</font> fils <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red"><=</font> NB_FILS <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">;</font> fils++<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">)</font> {
|
||
52 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#72ff72;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="green">/* attendre la fin d'un fils */</font>
|
||
53 fils_termine <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">=</font> wait<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">(</font>&wstatus<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">)</font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">;</font>
|
||
54
|
||
55 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#337dff;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="blue">if</font> WIFEXITED<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">(</font>wstatus<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">)</font> { <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#72ff72;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="green">/* fils terminé avec exit */
|
||
</font>
|
||
56 printf<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">(</font><font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ffae1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="orange">"\nMon fils de pid %d a termine avec exit %d\n"</font>,
|
||
57 fils_termine, WEXITSTATUS<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">(</font>wstatus<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">)</font><font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">)</font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">;</font>
|
||
58 }
|
||
59 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#337dff;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="blue">else</font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#337dff;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="blue">if</font> WIFSIGNALED<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">(</font>wstatus<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">)</font> { <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#72ff72;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="green">/* fils tué par un signal */</font>
|
||
60 printf<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">(</font><font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ffae1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="orange">"\nMon fils de pid %d a ete tue par le signal %d\n"</font>,
|
||
61 fils_termine, WTERMSIG<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">(</font>wstatus<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">)</font><font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">)</font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">;</font>
|
||
62 }
|
||
63 }
|
||
64 printf<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">(</font><font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ffae1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="orange">"\nProcessus Principal termine\n"</font><font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">)</font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">;</font>
|
||
65 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#337dff;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="blue">return</font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#337dff;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="blue">EXIT_SUCCESS</font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">;</font>
|
||
66 }
|
||
</pre>
|
||
<p>Testez ce code dans l'outils "apisys" et répondez aux questions posées.
|
||
</p></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div id="outline-container-1-11" class="outline-3">
|
||
<h3 id="titre1-11"><span class="section-number-3">1.11 </span>execl()</h3>
|
||
<div class="outline-text-3" id="text-1-11">
|
||
Les primitives <methode>exec</methode> constituent une famille de primitives permettant
|
||
le lancement de l’exécution d’un nouveau programme par le processus appelant.
|
||
Cela n’entraîne pas la création d’un nouveau processus mais seulement le chargement et
|
||
le lancement d’un nouveau programme exécutable, en lieu et place du programme effectuant
|
||
l’appel à la primitive <methode>exec</methode>.
|
||
<p>On parle de recouvrement :
|
||
le nouveau programme recouvre (remplace complètement) le processus appelant.
|
||
</p><p>
|
||
<methode>int execl(char *ref, char *arg0, char *arg1,..., char *argn, NULL)</methode>
|
||
</p><p>
|
||
</p><p>
|
||
<methode>int execlp(char *ref, char *arg0, char *arg1,..., char *argn, NULL)</methode>
|
||
</p><p>
|
||
permettent le lancement de l’exécution du fichier exécutable dont :
|
||
</p><ul>
|
||
<li>
|
||
le nom est indiqué par le premier paramètre "ref"
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
la liste des arguments fournie dans "arg0", "arg1",…,"argn"
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<p>execlp effectue une recherche de l'exécutable dans tous les répertoires de PATH.
|
||
</p><p>
|
||
<methode>ref</methode> doit référencer un fichier qui existe et qui est exécutable.
|
||
Le paramètre "arg0" est obligatoire et pointe en général sur une chaîne
|
||
identique à celle pointée par "ref".
|
||
</p><p>
|
||
Le comportement de la primitive <methode>execl</methode> est le suivant :
|
||
</p><ul>
|
||
<li>
|
||
si l'exécutable référencé par <methode>ref</methode> existe, il sera chargé et lancé en
|
||
en lieu et place du processus courant, sans aucun retour dans ce dernier.
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
sinon, on continue à exécuter le code du processus appelant, et dans ce cas il faut traiter
|
||
l'erreur.
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<p>
|
||
On reprend l'exempe initial, et on :
|
||
</p><ul>
|
||
<li>
|
||
remplace dans les fils, l'appel à "sleep()" par l'exécution
|
||
du programme "dormir" qui fait la même chose.
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
introduit une petite erreur dans le nom de l'exécutable pour le fils 2
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
ajoute dans le père une boucle d'attente de la terminaison des 3 fils,
|
||
en affichant pour chacun le mode d'arrêt et la valeur correspondante
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
Ce qui donne le code ci-dessous.
|
||
<p>
|
||
</p><pre> 1 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#72ff72;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="green">/* Exemple d'illustration des primitives Unix : Un père et ses fils */</font>
|
||
2 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#72ff72;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="green">/* execl */</font>
|
||
3
|
||
4 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#337dff;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="blue">#include</font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red"><</font>stdio.h<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">></font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#72ff72;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="green">/* entrées sorties */</font>
|
||
5 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#337dff;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="blue">#include</font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red"><</font>unistd.h<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">></font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#72ff72;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="green">/* pimitives de base : fork, ...*/</font>
|
||
6 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#337dff;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="blue">#include</font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red"><</font>stdlib.h<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">></font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#72ff72;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="green">/* exit */</font>
|
||
7 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#337dff;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="blue">#include</font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red"><</font>sys/wait.h<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">></font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#72ff72;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="green">/* wait */</font>
|
||
8
|
||
9 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#337dff;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="blue">#define</font> NB_FILS 3 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#72ff72;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="green">/* nombre de fils */</font>
|
||
10
|
||
11 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff72ff;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="purple">int</font> main<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">(</font><font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">)</font>
|
||
12 {
|
||
13 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff72ff;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="purple">int</font> fils, retour, wstatus, fils_termine <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">;</font>
|
||
14
|
||
15 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff72ff;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="purple">char</font> ref_exec[]<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">=</font><font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ffae1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="orange">"./dormir"</font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">;</font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#72ff72;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="green">/* exécutable */</font>
|
||
16 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff72ff;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="purple">char</font> arg0_exec[]<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">=</font><font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ffae1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="orange">"je dors"</font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">;</font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#72ff72;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="green">/* argument0 du exec : nom donnée au processus */</font>
|
||
17 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff72ff;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="purple">char</font> arg1_exec[]<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">=</font><font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ffae1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="orange">"3"</font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">;</font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#72ff72;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="green">/* argument0 du exec : durée de sommeil */</font>
|
||
18
|
||
19 printf<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">(</font><font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ffae1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="orange">"Je suis le processus principal de pid %d\n"</font>, getpid<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">(</font><font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">)</font><font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">)</font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">;</font>
|
||
20 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#72ff72;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="green">/* Vidange du tampon de sortie pour que le fils le récupère vide */</font>
|
||
21 fflush<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">(</font>stdout<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">)</font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">;</font>
|
||
22
|
||
23 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#337dff;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="blue">for</font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">(</font>fils <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">=</font> 1 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">;</font> fils <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red"><=</font> NB_FILS <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">;</font> fils++<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">)</font> {
|
||
24 retour <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">=</font> fork<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">(</font><font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">)</font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">;</font>
|
||
25
|
||
26 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#72ff72;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="green">/* Bonne pratique : tester systématiquement le retour des appels système */</font>
|
||
27 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#337dff;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="blue">if</font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">(</font>retour <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red"><</font> 0<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">)</font> { <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#72ff72;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="green">/* échec du fork */</font>
|
||
28 printf<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">(</font><font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ffae1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="orange">"Erreur fork\n"</font><font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">)</font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">;</font>
|
||
29 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#72ff72;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="green">/* Convention : s'arrêter avec une valeur <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">></font> 0 en cas d'erreur */</font>
|
||
30 exit<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">(</font>1<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">)</font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">;</font>
|
||
31 }
|
||
32
|
||
33 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#72ff72;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="green">/* fils */</font>
|
||
34 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#337dff;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="blue">if</font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">(</font>retour <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">==</font> 0<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">)</font> {
|
||
35
|
||
36 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#72ff72;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="green">/* mettre un executable inexistant pour le fils 2 */</font>
|
||
37 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#337dff;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="blue">if</font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">(</font>fils <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">==</font> 2<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">)</font> {
|
||
38 ref_exec[3] <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">=</font> 'a' <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">;</font>
|
||
39 }
|
||
40
|
||
41 execl<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">(</font>ref_exec, arg0_exec, arg1_exec, NULL<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">)</font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">;</font>
|
||
42
|
||
43 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#72ff72;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="green">/* on ne se retrouve ici que si exec échoue */</font>
|
||
44 printf<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">(</font><font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ffae1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="orange">"\n Processus fils numero %d : ERREUR EXEC\n"</font>, fils<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">)</font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">;</font>
|
||
45 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#72ff72;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="green">/* perror : affiche un message relatif à l'erreur du dernier appel systàme */</font>
|
||
46 perror<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">(</font><font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ffae1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="orange">" exec "</font><font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">)</font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">;</font>
|
||
47 exit<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">(</font>fils<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">)</font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">;</font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#72ff72;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="green">/* sortie avec le numéro di fils qui a échoué */ </font>
|
||
48 }
|
||
49 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#72ff72;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="green">/* pere */</font>
|
||
50 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#337dff;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="blue">else</font> {
|
||
51 printf<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">(</font><font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ffae1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="orange">"\nProcessus de pid %d a cree un fils numero %d, de pid %d \n"</font>,
|
||
52 getpid<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">(</font><font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">)</font>, fils, retour<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">)</font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">;</font>
|
||
53 fflush<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">(</font>stdout<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">)</font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">;</font>
|
||
54 }
|
||
55 }
|
||
56 sleep<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">(</font>3<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">)</font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">;</font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#72ff72;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="green">/* pour les besoins de l'outil de validation automatique */</font>
|
||
57
|
||
58 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#72ff72;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="green">/* attendre la fin des fils */</font>
|
||
59 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#337dff;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="blue">for</font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">(</font>fils <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">=</font> 1 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">;</font> fils <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red"><=</font> NB_FILS <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">;</font> fils++<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">)</font> {
|
||
60 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#72ff72;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="green">/* attendre la fin d'un fils */</font>
|
||
61 fils_termine <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">=</font> wait<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">(</font>&wstatus<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">)</font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">;</font>
|
||
62
|
||
63 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#337dff;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="blue">if</font> WIFEXITED<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">(</font>wstatus<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">)</font> { <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#72ff72;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="green">/* fils terminé avec exit */</font>
|
||
64 printf<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">(</font><font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ffae1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="orange">"\nMon fils de pid %d a termine avec exit %d\n"</font>,
|
||
65 fils_termine, WEXITSTATUS<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">(</font>wstatus<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">)</font><font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">)</font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">;</font>
|
||
66 }
|
||
67 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#337dff;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="blue">else</font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#337dff;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="blue">if</font> WIFSIGNALED<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">(</font>wstatus<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">)</font> { <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#72ff72;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="green">/* fils tué par un signal */</font>
|
||
68 printf<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">(</font><font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ffae1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="orange">"\nMon fils de pid %d a ete tue par le signal %d\n"</font>,
|
||
69 fils_termine, WTERMSIG<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">(</font>wstatus<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">)</font><font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">)</font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">;</font>
|
||
70 }
|
||
71 }
|
||
72 printf<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">(</font><font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ffae1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="orange">"\nProcessus Principal termine\n"</font><font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">)</font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">;</font>
|
||
73 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#337dff;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="blue">return</font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#337dff;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="blue">EXIT_SUCCESS</font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">;</font>
|
||
74 }
|
||
</pre>
|
||
|
||
<p>
|
||
Testez ce code dans l'outil "apisys" (comme indiqué plus haut), et répondez aux questions posées.
|
||
</p><h4 class="trigger"> <a href="#">Visualiser l'interprétation des résultats</a></h4>
|
||
<section class="toggle_container" style="display: none;">
|
||
<p> En l'exécutant, on remarquera que pour les fils 1 et 3, les appels execl fonctionnent bien et
|
||
qu'il n'y a pas de retour après le exec :
|
||
</p><ul>
|
||
<li>pas d'exécution du printf("\n Processus fils numero %d : ERREUR EXEC\n", fils);
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>pas d'exécution exit(fils) car la valeur de terminaison reçue pr le père est 0
|
||
(celle de dormir)
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
Mais, pour le fils 2, le nom de l'exécutable n'était pas correct et le execl échoue.
|
||
Ce qui conduit au retour dans le code appelant le execl, et affichage des messages d'erreur.
|
||
</section>
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div id="outline-container-1-12" class="outline-3">
|
||
<h3 id="titre1-12"><span class="section-number-3">1.12 </span>execv()</h3>
|
||
<div class="outline-text-3" id="text-1-12">
|
||
|
||
<p>
|
||
<methode>int execv(char *ref, char *argv[])</methode>
|
||
</p><p>
|
||
permet le lancement de l’exécution du fichier exécutable dont le nom est "ref",
|
||
avec comme arguments les chaînes pointées par argv[0],
|
||
</p><p>argv[1],...,argv[n]. argv[n+1] doit être contenir "NULL".
|
||
</p><p>Le code suivant reprend le code précédent en remplaçant l'appel à
|
||
execl par execv, et en utilisant un tableau de pointeurs sur les
|
||
arguments du exec.
|
||
</p><p>Contrairement au code précédent, on uilise ici la même référence pour
|
||
les paramètres "ref" et argv[0](ce qui est souvent le cas).
|
||
</p><pre> 1 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#72ff72;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="green">/* Exemple d'illustration des primitives Unix : Un père et ses fils */</font>
|
||
2 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#72ff72;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="green">/* execv */</font>
|
||
3
|
||
4 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#337dff;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="blue">#include</font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red"><</font>stdio.h<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">></font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#72ff72;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="green">/* entrées sorties */</font>
|
||
5 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#337dff;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="blue">#include</font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red"><</font>unistd.h<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">></font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#72ff72;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="green">/* pimitives de base : fork, ...*/</font>
|
||
6 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#337dff;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="blue">#include</font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red"><</font>stdlib.h<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">></font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#72ff72;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="green">/* exit */</font>
|
||
7 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#337dff;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="blue">#include</font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red"><</font>sys/wait.h<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">></font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#72ff72;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="green">/* wait */</font>
|
||
8 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#337dff;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="blue">#include</font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red"><</font>string.h<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">></font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#72ff72;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="green">/* opérations sur les chaines */</font>
|
||
9
|
||
10 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#337dff;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="blue">#define</font> NB_FILS 3 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#72ff72;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="green">/* nombre de fils */</font>
|
||
11
|
||
12 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff72ff;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="purple">int</font> main<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">(</font><font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">)</font>
|
||
13 {
|
||
14 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff72ff;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="purple">int</font> fils, retour, wstatus, fils_termine <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">;</font>
|
||
15
|
||
16 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff72ff;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="purple">char</font> *argv[8] <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">;</font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#72ff72;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="green">/* tableau de pointeurs sur les arguments du exec */</font>
|
||
17 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff72ff;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="purple">char</font> args_exec[8][16] <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">;</font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#72ff72;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="green">/* tableau des arguments du exec */</font>
|
||
18 strcpy<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">(</font>args_exec[0], <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ffae1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="orange">"./dormir"</font><font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">)</font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">;</font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#72ff72;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="green">/* arg0 */</font>
|
||
19 argv[0] <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">=</font> args_exec[0] <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">;</font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#72ff72;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="green">/* ponteur sur arg0 */</font>
|
||
20 strcpy<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">(</font>args_exec[1], <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ffae1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="orange">"3"</font><font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">)</font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">;</font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#72ff72;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="green">/* arg1 : durée de sommeil */</font>
|
||
21 argv[1] <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">=</font> args_exec[1] <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">;</font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#72ff72;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="green">/* ponteur sur arg1 */</font>
|
||
22 argv[2] <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">=</font> NULL <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">;</font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#72ff72;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="green">/* dernier pointeur <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">=</font> NULL */</font>
|
||
23
|
||
24 printf<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">(</font><font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ffae1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="orange">"Je suis le processus principal de pid %d\n"</font>, getpid<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">(</font><font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">)</font><font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">)</font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">;</font>
|
||
25 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#72ff72;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="green">/* Vidange du tampon de sortie pour que le fils le récupère vide */</font>
|
||
26 fflush<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">(</font>stdout<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">)</font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">;</font>
|
||
27
|
||
28 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#337dff;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="blue">for</font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">(</font>fils <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">=</font> 1 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">;</font> fils <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red"><=</font> NB_FILS <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">;</font> fils++<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">)</font> {
|
||
29 retour <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">=</font> fork<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">(</font><font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">)</font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">;</font>
|
||
30
|
||
31 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#72ff72;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="green">/* Bonne pratique : tester systématiquement le retour des appels système */</font>
|
||
32 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#337dff;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="blue">if</font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">(</font>retour <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red"><</font> 0<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">)</font> { <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#72ff72;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="green">/* échec du fork */</font>
|
||
33 printf<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">(</font><font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ffae1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="orange">"Erreur fork\n"</font><font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">)</font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">;</font>
|
||
34 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#72ff72;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="green">/* Convention : s'arrêter avec une valeur <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">></font> 0 en cas d'erreur */</font>
|
||
35 exit<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">(</font>1<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">)</font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">;</font>
|
||
36 }
|
||
37
|
||
38 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#72ff72;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="green">/* fils */</font>
|
||
39 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#337dff;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="blue">if</font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">(</font>retour <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">==</font> 0<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">)</font> {
|
||
40
|
||
41 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#72ff72;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="green">/* mettre un executable inexistant pour le fils 2 */</font>
|
||
42 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#337dff;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="blue">if</font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">(</font>fils <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">==</font> 2<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">)</font> {
|
||
43 args_exec[0][3] <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">=</font> 'a' <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">;</font>
|
||
44 }
|
||
45
|
||
46 execv<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">(</font>argv[0], argv<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">)</font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">;</font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#72ff72;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="green">/* argv[0] utilisé comme nom de l'exécutable */</font>
|
||
47
|
||
48 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#72ff72;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="green">/* on ne se retrouve ici que si exec échoue */</font>
|
||
49 printf<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">(</font><font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ffae1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="orange">"\n Processus fils numero %d : ERREUR EXEC\n"</font>, fils<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">)</font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">;</font>
|
||
50 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#72ff72;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="green">/* perror : affiche un message relatif à l'erreur du dernier appel systàme */</font>
|
||
51 perror<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">(</font><font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ffae1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="orange">" exec "</font><font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">)</font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">;</font>
|
||
52 exit<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">(</font>fils<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">)</font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">;</font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#72ff72;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="green">/* sortie avec le numéro di fils qui a échoué */ </font>
|
||
53 }
|
||
54 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#72ff72;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="green">/* pere */</font>
|
||
55 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#337dff;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="blue">else</font> {
|
||
56 printf<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">(</font><font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ffae1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="orange">"\nProcessus de pid %d a cree un fils numero %d, de pid %d \n"</font>,
|
||
57 getpid<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">(</font><font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">)</font>, fils, retour<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">)</font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">;</font>
|
||
58 fflush<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">(</font>stdout<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">)</font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">;</font>
|
||
59 }
|
||
60 }
|
||
61 sleep<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">(</font>3<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">)</font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">;</font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#72ff72;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="green">/* pour les besoins de l'outil de validation automatique */</font>
|
||
62
|
||
63 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#72ff72;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="green">/* attendre la fin des fils */</font>
|
||
64 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#337dff;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="blue">for</font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">(</font>fils <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">=</font> 1 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">;</font> fils <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red"><=</font> NB_FILS <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">;</font> fils++<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">)</font> {
|
||
65 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#72ff72;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="green">/* attendre la fin d'un fils */</font>
|
||
66 fils_termine <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">=</font> wait<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">(</font>&wstatus<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">)</font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">;</font>
|
||
67
|
||
68 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#337dff;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="blue">if</font> WIFEXITED<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">(</font>wstatus<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">)</font> { <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#72ff72;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="green">/* fils terminé avec exit */</font>
|
||
69 printf<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">(</font><font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ffae1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="orange">"\nMon fils de pid %d a termine avec exit %d\n"</font>,
|
||
70 fils_termine, WEXITSTATUS<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">(</font>wstatus<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">)</font><font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">)</font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">;</font>
|
||
71 }
|
||
72 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#337dff;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="blue">else</font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#337dff;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="blue">if</font> WIFSIGNALED<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">(</font>wstatus<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">)</font> { <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#72ff72;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="green">/* fils tué par un signal */</font>
|
||
73 printf<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">(</font><font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ffae1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="orange">"\nMon fils de pid %d a ete tue par le signal %d\n"</font>,
|
||
74 fils_termine, WTERMSIG<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">(</font>wstatus<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">)</font><font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">)</font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">;</font>
|
||
75 }
|
||
76 }
|
||
77 printf<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">(</font><font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ffae1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="orange">"\nProcessus Principal termine\n"</font><font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">)</font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">;</font>
|
||
78 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#337dff;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="blue">return</font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#337dff;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="blue">EXIT_SUCCESS</font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">;</font>
|
||
79 }
|
||
</pre>
|
||
<p>
|
||
Dans les deux versions précédentes, le fichier exécutable est trouvé grâce à son chemin
|
||
complet (./dormir).
|
||
</p><p>
|
||
<methode>execlp</methode> et <methode>execvp</methode> sont deux variantes de respectivement execl et execv, mais avec
|
||
recherche du fichier exécutable dans la liste des répertoires contenue dans la variable PATH.
|
||
</p></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div id="outline-container-1-13" class="outline-3">
|
||
<h3 id="titre1-13"><span class="section-number-3">1.13 </span>Conservation des descripteurs</h3>
|
||
<div class="outline-text-3" id="text-1-13">
|
||
Les descripteurs ouverts avant l'appel à une primitive <methode>exec</methode>
|
||
le restent, et sont donc accessibles par l'exécutable lancé avec <methode>exec</methode>.
|
||
<p>
|
||
On peut illustrer cela en exécutant l'avant dernier programme en redirigeant
|
||
la sortie standard dans un fichier.
|
||
</p><p>
|
||
Mais l'appel à execl écrase le tampon de sortie ; ce qui induit un
|
||
risque de perte d’information. Par exemple, si on introduit, dans le
|
||
fils, l'affichage d'un message avant l'appel à execl, ce message risque
|
||
de ne pas s'afficher s'il ne se
|
||
termine pas avec '\n' ou si l'exécution se fait avec redirection.
|
||
</p><p>
|
||
Pour forcer le vidage de ce tampon avant l’appel à execl on utilise la fonction fflush() de la bibliothèque standard stdio.h.
|
||
</p><p>
|
||
Ce qui donne le code suivant :
|
||
</p><p>
|
||
</p><pre> 1 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#72ff72;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="green">/* Exemple d'illustration des primitives Unix : Un père et ses fils */</font>
|
||
2 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#72ff72;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="green">/* execl et fflush */</font>
|
||
3
|
||
4 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#337dff;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="blue">#include</font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red"><</font>stdio.h<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">></font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#72ff72;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="green">/* entrées sorties */</font>
|
||
5 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#337dff;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="blue">#include</font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red"><</font>unistd.h<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">></font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#72ff72;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="green">/* pimitives de base : fork, ...*/</font>
|
||
6 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#337dff;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="blue">#include</font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red"><</font>stdlib.h<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">></font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#72ff72;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="green">/* exit */</font>
|
||
7 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#337dff;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="blue">#include</font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red"><</font>sys/wait.h<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">></font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#72ff72;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="green">/* wait */</font>
|
||
8
|
||
9 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#337dff;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="blue">#define</font> NB_FILS 3 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#72ff72;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="green">/* nombre de fils */</font>
|
||
10
|
||
11 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff72ff;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="purple">int</font> main<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">(</font><font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">)</font>
|
||
12 {
|
||
13 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff72ff;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="purple">int</font> fils, retour, wstatus, fils_termine <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">;</font>
|
||
14
|
||
15 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff72ff;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="purple">char</font> ref_exec[]<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">=</font><font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ffae1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="orange">"./dormir"</font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">;</font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#72ff72;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="green">/* exécutable */</font>
|
||
16 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff72ff;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="purple">char</font> arg0_exec[]<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">=</font><font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ffae1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="orange">"je dors"</font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">;</font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#72ff72;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="green">/* argument0 du exec : nom donnée au processus */</font>
|
||
17 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff72ff;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="purple">char</font> arg1_exec[]<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">=</font><font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ffae1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="orange">"3"</font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">;</font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#72ff72;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="green">/* argument0 du exec : durée de sommeil */</font>
|
||
18
|
||
19 printf<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">(</font><font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ffae1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="orange">"Je suis le processus principal de pid %d\n"</font>, getpid<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">(</font><font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">)</font><font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">)</font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">;</font>
|
||
20 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#72ff72;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="green">/* Vidange du tampon de sortie pour que le fils le récupère vide */</font>
|
||
21 fflush<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">(</font>stdout<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">)</font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">;</font>
|
||
22
|
||
23 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#337dff;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="blue">for</font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">(</font>fils <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">=</font> 1 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">;</font> fils <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red"><=</font> NB_FILS <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">;</font> fils++<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">)</font> {
|
||
24 retour <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">=</font> fork<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">(</font><font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">)</font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">;</font>
|
||
25
|
||
26 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#72ff72;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="green">/* Bonne pratique : tester systématiquement le retour des appels système */</font>
|
||
27 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#337dff;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="blue">if</font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">(</font>retour <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red"><</font> 0<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">)</font> { <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#72ff72;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="green">/* échec du fork */</font>
|
||
28 printf<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">(</font><font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ffae1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="orange">"Erreur fork\n"</font><font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">)</font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">;</font>
|
||
29 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#72ff72;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="green">/* Convention : s'arrêter avec une valeur <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">></font> 0 en cas d'erreur */</font>
|
||
30 exit<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">(</font>1<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">)</font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">;</font>
|
||
31 }
|
||
32
|
||
33 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#72ff72;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="green">/* fils */</font>
|
||
34 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#337dff;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="blue">if</font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">(</font>retour <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">==</font> 0<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">)</font> {
|
||
35 printf<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">(</font><font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ffae1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="orange">"\n Processus fils numero %d, de pid %d, de pere %d.\n"</font>,
|
||
36 fils, getpid<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">(</font><font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">)</font>, getppid<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">(</font><font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">)</font><font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">)</font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">;</font>
|
||
37
|
||
38 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#72ff72;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="green">/* Précaution en cas d'une exécution avec redirection : */</font>
|
||
39 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#72ff72;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="green">/* Vidange du tampon de sortie avant qu'il ne soit écrasé par exec */</font>
|
||
40 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#72ff72;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="green">/* D'après le standard ISO le comportement du printf présente 2 cas : */</font>
|
||
41 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#72ff72;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="green">/* - sortie interactive <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">(</font>terminal<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">)</font> : flot géré par ligne et \n provoque */</font>
|
||
42 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#72ff72;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="green">/* la vidange du tampon langage */</font>
|
||
43 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#72ff72;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="green">/* - sortie dans un fichier : flot géré par bloc et \n est traité comme */</font>
|
||
44 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#72ff72;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="green">/* un caractère ordinaire. fflush<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">(</font>stdout<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">)</font> force la vidange du tampon. */</font>
|
||
45 fflush<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">(</font>stdout<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">)</font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">;</font>
|
||
46
|
||
47 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#72ff72;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="green">/* executable inexistant pour le fils 2 */</font>
|
||
48 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#337dff;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="blue">if</font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">(</font>fils <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">==</font> 2<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">)</font> {
|
||
49 ref_exec[3] <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">=</font> 'a' <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">;</font>
|
||
50 }
|
||
51
|
||
52 execl<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">(</font>ref_exec, arg0_exec, arg1_exec, NULL<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">)</font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">;</font>
|
||
53
|
||
54 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#72ff72;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="green">/* on ne se retrouve ici que si exec échoue */</font>
|
||
55 printf<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">(</font><font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ffae1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="orange">"\n Processus fils numero %d : ERREUR EXEC\n"</font>, fils<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">)</font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">;</font>
|
||
56 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#72ff72;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="green">/* perror : affiche un message relatif à l'erreur du dernier appel systàme */</font>
|
||
57 perror<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">(</font><font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ffae1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="orange">" exec "</font><font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">)</font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">;</font>
|
||
58 exit<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">(</font>fils<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">)</font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">;</font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#72ff72;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="green">/* sortie avec le numéro di fils qui a échoué */ </font>
|
||
59 }
|
||
60 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#72ff72;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="green">/* pere */</font>
|
||
61 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#337dff;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="blue">else</font> {
|
||
62 printf<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">(</font><font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ffae1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="orange">"\nProcessus de pid %d a cree un fils numero %d, de pid %d \n"</font>,
|
||
63 getpid<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">(</font><font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">)</font>, fils, retour<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">)</font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">;</font>
|
||
64 fflush<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">(</font>stdout<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">)</font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">;</font>
|
||
65 }
|
||
66 }
|
||
67 sleep<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">(</font>3<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">)</font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">;</font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#72ff72;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="green">/* pour les besoins de l'outil de validation automatique */</font>
|
||
68
|
||
69 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#72ff72;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="green">/* attendre la fin des fils */</font>
|
||
70 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#337dff;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="blue">for</font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">(</font>fils <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">=</font> 1 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">;</font> fils <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red"><=</font> NB_FILS <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">;</font> fils++<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">)</font> {
|
||
71 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#72ff72;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="green">/* attendre la fin d'un fils */</font>
|
||
72 fils_termine <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">=</font> wait<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">(</font>&wstatus<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">)</font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">;</font>
|
||
73
|
||
74 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#337dff;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="blue">if</font> WIFEXITED<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">(</font>wstatus<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">)</font> { <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#72ff72;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="green">/* fils terminé avec exit */</font>
|
||
75 printf<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">(</font><font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ffae1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="orange">"\nMon fils de pid %d a termine avec exit %d\n"</font>,
|
||
76 fils_termine, WEXITSTATUS<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">(</font>wstatus<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">)</font><font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">)</font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">;</font>
|
||
77 }
|
||
78 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#337dff;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="blue">else</font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#337dff;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="blue">if</font> WIFSIGNALED<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">(</font>wstatus<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">)</font> { <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#72ff72;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="green">/* fils tué par un signal */</font>
|
||
79 printf<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">(</font><font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ffae1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="orange">"\nMon fils de pid %d a ete tue par le signal %d\n"</font>,
|
||
80 fils_termine, WTERMSIG<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">(</font>wstatus<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">)</font><font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">)</font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">;</font>
|
||
81 }
|
||
82 }
|
||
83 printf<font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">(</font><font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ffae1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="orange">"\nProcessus Principal termine\n"</font><font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">)</font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">;</font>
|
||
84 <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#337dff;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="blue">return</font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#337dff;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="blue">EXIT_SUCCESS</font> <font style="--darkreader-inline-color:#ff1a1a;" data-darkreader-inline-color="" color="red">;</font>
|
||
85 }
|
||
</pre>
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</body></html> |