diff --git a/tests/e2e/test_lightning.py b/tests/e2e/test_lightning.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..40793aa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/e2e/test_lightning.py
@@ -0,0 +1,251 @@
+import gc
+from pathlib import Path
+from warnings import warn
+
+import pytest
+import torch
+from PIL import Image
+
+from refiners.fluxion.utils import load_from_safetensors, manual_seed, no_grad
+from refiners.foundationals.latent_diffusion.lora import SDLoraManager
+from refiners.foundationals.latent_diffusion.solvers import Euler, ModelPredictionType, SolverParams, TimestepSpacing
+from refiners.foundationals.latent_diffusion.stable_diffusion_xl.lcm_lora import add_lcm_lora
+from refiners.foundationals.latent_diffusion.stable_diffusion_xl.model import StableDiffusion_XL
+from tests.utils import ensure_similar_images
+
+
+@pytest.fixture(autouse=True)
+def ensure_gc():
+    # Avoid GPU OOMs
+    # See https://github.com/pytest-dev/pytest/discussions/8153#discussioncomment-214812
+    gc.collect()
+
+
+@pytest.fixture
+def sdxl_lda_fp16_fix_weights(test_weights_path: Path) -> Path:
+    r = test_weights_path / "sdxl-lda-fp16-fix.safetensors"
+    if not r.is_file():
+        warn(f"could not find weights at {r}, skipping")
+        pytest.skip(allow_module_level=True)
+    return r
+
+
+@pytest.fixture
+def sdxl_unet_weights(test_weights_path: Path) -> Path:
+    r = test_weights_path / "sdxl-unet.safetensors"
+    if not r.is_file():
+        warn(f"could not find weights at {r}, skipping")
+        pytest.skip(allow_module_level=True)
+    return r
+
+
+@pytest.fixture
+def sdxl_lightning_4step_unet_weights(test_weights_path: Path) -> Path:
+    r = test_weights_path / "sdxl_lightning_4step_unet.safetensors"
+    if not r.is_file():
+        warn(f"could not find weights at {r}, skipping")
+        pytest.skip(allow_module_level=True)
+    return r
+
+
+@pytest.fixture
+def sdxl_lightning_1step_unet_weights(test_weights_path: Path) -> Path:
+    r = test_weights_path / "sdxl_lightning_1step_unet_x0.safetensors"
+    if not r.is_file():
+        warn(f"could not find weights at {r}, skipping")
+        pytest.skip(allow_module_level=True)
+    return r
+
+
+@pytest.fixture
+def sdxl_text_encoder_weights(test_weights_path: Path) -> Path:
+    r = test_weights_path / "DoubleCLIPTextEncoder.safetensors"
+    if not r.is_file():
+        warn(f"could not find weights at {r}, skipping")
+        pytest.skip(allow_module_level=True)
+    return r
+
+
+@pytest.fixture
+def sdxl_lightning_4step_lora_weights(test_weights_path: Path) -> Path:
+    r = test_weights_path / "sdxl_lightning_4step_lora.safetensors"
+    if not r.is_file():
+        warn(f"could not find weights at {r}, skipping")
+        pytest.skip(allow_module_level=True)
+    return r
+
+
+@pytest.fixture(scope="module")
+def ref_path(test_e2e_path: Path) -> Path:
+    return test_e2e_path / "test_lightning_ref"
+
+
+@pytest.fixture
+def expected_lightning_base_4step(ref_path: Path) -> Image.Image:
+    return Image.open(ref_path / "expected_lightning_base_4step.png").convert("RGB")
+
+
+@pytest.fixture
+def expected_lightning_base_1step(ref_path: Path) -> Image.Image:
+    return Image.open(ref_path / "expected_lightning_base_1step.png").convert("RGB")
+
+
+@pytest.fixture
+def expected_lightning_lora_4step(ref_path: Path) -> Image.Image:
+    return Image.open(ref_path / "expected_lightning_lora_4step.png").convert("RGB")
+
+
+@no_grad()
+def test_lightning_base_4step(
+    test_device: torch.device,
+    sdxl_lda_fp16_fix_weights: Path,
+    sdxl_lightning_4step_unet_weights: Path,
+    sdxl_text_encoder_weights: Path,
+    expected_lightning_base_4step: Image.Image,
+) -> None:
+    if test_device.type == "cpu":
+        warn(message="not running on CPU, skipping")
+        pytest.skip()
+
+    unet_weights = sdxl_lightning_4step_unet_weights
+    expected_image = expected_lightning_base_4step
+
+    solver = Euler(
+        num_inference_steps=4,
+        params=SolverParams(
+            timesteps_spacing=TimestepSpacing.TRAILING,
+            model_prediction_type=ModelPredictionType.NOISE,
+        ),
+    )
+
+    sdxl = StableDiffusion_XL(device=test_device, dtype=torch.float16, solver=solver)
+    sdxl.classifier_free_guidance = False
+
+    sdxl.clip_text_encoder.load_from_safetensors(sdxl_text_encoder_weights)
+    sdxl.lda.load_from_safetensors(sdxl_lda_fp16_fix_weights)
+    sdxl.unet.load_from_safetensors(unet_weights)
+
+    prompt = "Self-portrait oil painting, a beautiful cyborg with golden hair, 8k"
+
+    clip_text_embedding, pooled_text_embedding = sdxl.clip_text_encoder(prompt)
+    time_ids = sdxl.default_time_ids
+
+    manual_seed(0)
+    x = sdxl.init_latents((1024, 1024)).to(sdxl.device, sdxl.dtype)
+
+    for step in sdxl.steps:
+        x = sdxl(
+            x,
+            step=step,
+            clip_text_embedding=clip_text_embedding,
+            pooled_text_embedding=pooled_text_embedding,
+            time_ids=time_ids,
+        )
+    predicted_image = sdxl.lda.latents_to_image(x)
+
+    ensure_similar_images(predicted_image, expected_image)
+
+
+@no_grad()
+def test_lightning_base_1step(
+    test_device: torch.device,
+    sdxl_lda_fp16_fix_weights: Path,
+    sdxl_lightning_1step_unet_weights: Path,
+    sdxl_text_encoder_weights: Path,
+    expected_lightning_base_1step: Image.Image,
+) -> None:
+    if test_device.type == "cpu":
+        warn(message="not running on CPU, skipping")
+        pytest.skip()
+
+    unet_weights = sdxl_lightning_1step_unet_weights
+    expected_image = expected_lightning_base_1step
+
+    solver = Euler(
+        num_inference_steps=1,
+        params=SolverParams(
+            timesteps_spacing=TimestepSpacing.TRAILING,
+            model_prediction_type=ModelPredictionType.SAMPLE,  # 1 step special case
+        ),
+    )
+
+    sdxl = StableDiffusion_XL(device=test_device, dtype=torch.float16, solver=solver)
+    sdxl.classifier_free_guidance = False
+
+    sdxl.clip_text_encoder.load_from_safetensors(sdxl_text_encoder_weights)
+    sdxl.lda.load_from_safetensors(sdxl_lda_fp16_fix_weights)
+    sdxl.unet.load_from_safetensors(unet_weights)
+
+    prompt = "Self-portrait oil painting, a beautiful cyborg with golden hair, 8k"
+
+    clip_text_embedding, pooled_text_embedding = sdxl.clip_text_encoder(prompt)
+    time_ids = sdxl.default_time_ids
+
+    manual_seed(0)
+    x = sdxl.init_latents((1024, 1024)).to(sdxl.device, sdxl.dtype)
+
+    for step in sdxl.steps:
+        x = sdxl(
+            x,
+            step=step,
+            clip_text_embedding=clip_text_embedding,
+            pooled_text_embedding=pooled_text_embedding,
+            time_ids=time_ids,
+        )
+    predicted_image = sdxl.lda.latents_to_image(x)
+
+    ensure_similar_images(predicted_image, expected_image)
+
+
+@no_grad()
+def test_lightning_lora_4step(
+    test_device: torch.device,
+    sdxl_lda_fp16_fix_weights: Path,
+    sdxl_unet_weights: Path,
+    sdxl_text_encoder_weights: Path,
+    sdxl_lightning_4step_lora_weights: Path,
+    expected_lightning_lora_4step: Image.Image,
+) -> None:
+    if test_device.type == "cpu":
+        warn(message="not running on CPU, skipping")
+        pytest.skip()
+
+    expected_image = expected_lightning_lora_4step
+
+    solver = Euler(
+        num_inference_steps=4,
+        params=SolverParams(
+            timesteps_spacing=TimestepSpacing.TRAILING,
+            model_prediction_type=ModelPredictionType.NOISE,
+        ),
+    )
+
+    sdxl = StableDiffusion_XL(device=test_device, dtype=torch.float16, solver=solver)
+    sdxl.classifier_free_guidance = False
+
+    sdxl.clip_text_encoder.load_from_safetensors(sdxl_text_encoder_weights)
+    sdxl.lda.load_from_safetensors(sdxl_lda_fp16_fix_weights)
+    sdxl.unet.load_from_safetensors(sdxl_unet_weights)
+
+    manager = SDLoraManager(sdxl)
+    add_lcm_lora(manager, load_from_safetensors(sdxl_lightning_4step_lora_weights), name="lightning")
+
+    prompt = "Self-portrait oil painting, a beautiful cyborg with golden hair, 8k"
+
+    clip_text_embedding, pooled_text_embedding = sdxl.clip_text_encoder(prompt)
+    time_ids = sdxl.default_time_ids
+
+    manual_seed(0)
+    x = sdxl.init_latents((1024, 1024)).to(sdxl.device, sdxl.dtype)
+
+    for step in sdxl.steps:
+        x = sdxl(
+            x,
+            step=step,
+            clip_text_embedding=clip_text_embedding,
+            pooled_text_embedding=pooled_text_embedding,
+            time_ids=time_ids,
+        )
+    predicted_image = sdxl.lda.latents_to_image(x)
+
+    ensure_similar_images(predicted_image, expected_image)
diff --git a/tests/e2e/test_lightning_ref/README.md b/tests/e2e/test_lightning_ref/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1175a13
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/e2e/test_lightning_ref/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+# Note about this data
+
+## Expected outputs
+
+`expected_*.png` files in this folder are all generated with refiners itself.
diff --git a/tests/e2e/test_lightning_ref/expected_lightning_base_1step.png b/tests/e2e/test_lightning_ref/expected_lightning_base_1step.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9034f08
Binary files /dev/null and b/tests/e2e/test_lightning_ref/expected_lightning_base_1step.png differ
diff --git a/tests/e2e/test_lightning_ref/expected_lightning_base_4step.png b/tests/e2e/test_lightning_ref/expected_lightning_base_4step.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..10ecf26
Binary files /dev/null and b/tests/e2e/test_lightning_ref/expected_lightning_base_4step.png differ
diff --git a/tests/e2e/test_lightning_ref/expected_lightning_lora_4step.png b/tests/e2e/test_lightning_ref/expected_lightning_lora_4step.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..dea0965
Binary files /dev/null and b/tests/e2e/test_lightning_ref/expected_lightning_lora_4step.png differ